The doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit - Essay Example Throughout his explanation, he desires to reintroduce the ideologies that attempted to rationalize the principles of scripture and depict why they fell off the mark. His writings seeks to instruct the essentials of Christ's time and purpose on earth. He brings forth wisdom as well as understanding by dismantling the dogmas into rudimentary form. Core issues: One of the key fundamental issues that give Christendom its grandiose power and influence is the doctrinal divine mystery of Christ. Grudem illuminated that essential aspect one must know is that he was fully God and man. He addresses the cynics and teaches believers that the being of Christ had to fully manifest in both entities to be our atonement for our sins. "The Holy Spirit will come upon you and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God." (Luke 1: 35; cf. 3: 23) The Holy Spirit overshadowing Mary, mother of Jesus, is didactic of illustrating that salvation can only come from God without the aid of human effort -other than utilizing Mary as human vessel. Furthermore, Grudem set out to promulgate that Christ is the fusion of God and man without original sin. Christ's holiness seems to bedazzle many sceptics as to Jesus' sinlessness. Many wonder how can Jesus be sinless if his mother was a descendent of the sinful Adam. The dogmas of Catholicism assert that Mary was also without sin and transferred that characteristic via womb to Jesus. Grudem, however, extirpates that assertion and instructs that the union of God and man prevented Jesus from sinning. (Pg. 538) Grudem hypothetically raised the question of the... Purpose of Book: His purpose throughout this book, especially through this section (The Doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit) is instruct and explain the fundamental dogmas of Christianity. Throughout his explanation, he desires to reintroduce the ideologies that attempted to rationalize the principles of scripture and depict why they fell off the mark. His writings seeks to instruct the essentials of Christ's time and purpose on earth. He brings forth wisdom as well as understanding by dismantling the dogmas into rudimentary form. Grudem also illuminated the relevancy of Jesus ministry on earth through several points. Not only was he the atonement of sin but also a laymen's example of walking in the Christian faith, a mediator between God and men, the fulfilment of God's original purpose on earth, and a sympathetic high priest that can understand the struggles of man. Ultimately, Grudem claims, based on scripture, the Jesus was both fully God and fully man. After making that claim, he attempts to discredit other variations of the duality of Christ. Apollinarianism was a teaching deemed a heresy because it fell short of matching the description of Christ engendered in the bible. Apollinaris, who became bishop in Laodicea, France, taught that the entity of Christ was a mixture of flesh and spirit.

Characteristics of female offending and victimisation

Characteristics of female offending and victimisation Previous to the feminist movement of the nineteen sixties and seventies criminology was predominantly the domain of men as was the Criminal Justice System (CJS), (Newburn 2007). Therefore it is no surprise that women were mostly over looked within these fields. Moreover the few earlier explanations of female criminality have now largely been discredited due to their oversimplified, biological and sexually natured explanations (Lombrosso 1895, Thomas 1923 and Pollak 1950). Nevertheless it is due to these arguably sexist, and male dominated perspectives, and also an otherwise lack of interest in female criminality that inspired many modern and feminist writings; these writings bought about a shift in attitudes towards women and their place within these traditionally male professions. Consequently the reliability of police statistics has been challenged and new ways of gathering data has been developed, such as self report studies and victim surveys; all of which have brought about new debates and theories and has contributed to our understanding of women and crime. This essay will give a brief overview of the characteristics of both female offending and victimization and then discuss the contribution that criminology has made to our understanding of them. As a result of the aforementioned collective research there is a general agreement within criminology that women commit considerably less crime than men (although according to police statistics female crime rates are rising) (Newborn 2007). Women are less likely to commit certain crimes, such as sexual offences, and they are less likely to re-offend (Newborn 2007 and National Statistics Online 2006). The majority of offences that women commit involve theft and handling stolen goods, violence against the person and drug offences (National Statistics Online 2006 and Caddle and Crisp 1997). Criminology has contributed to our understanding of the characteristics of female offending in many ways. Firstly, since the feminist movement, Criminology has focused attention onto female offending and has helped to deconstruct the traditional sexist stereotypes of the female offender previously portrayed by traditional criminologists (Lombrosso, 1895, cited in Newburn, 2007). Modern Criminology has further developed existing theories in order to make them applicable to women such as control theory and has highlighted how womens experience of society is different to that of men; suggesting that womens place in society, i.e. their job, social background and being a mother can all effect their inhibitions towards crime and their opportunities to offend (Heidensohn 1996 and Carlen 1988). Thus, Criminology has helped us to understand how a womens individual circumstances can impact on whether she will offend and what types of offences she is likely to commit. Criminology has also highlighted the impact that prior victimization and the breakdown of social bonds has on female offending; in her research into how women become involved in illicit drugs, Cheseney-lind (1997) found that all of the women in her study came from unstable social environments, i.e. deprivation, parental alcohol abuse, sexual abuse and violence. Other studies have highlighted institutional sexism; Carlens 1998 study in which she interviewed fifteen Scottish sheriffs about their feelings towards prosecuting women offenders, found that they all disliked having to send women to prison. Carlen suggests that they resolve this uneasiness by discriminating between who they perceived to be good and bad mothers and disregard the impact of socio-economic factors on their behavior (cited in Heidensohn 1996). The sheriffs attitudes in Carlens study highlights a long running debate within Criminology, which is, are women treated more chivalrously or more harshly than men by the CJ S? (Newburn 2007) It could be argued that the uneasiness of the sheriffs to prosecute women points to a chivalrous attitude but the fact that they separate the women into good and bad mothers suggests that the women are being doubly judged, as both women and mothers. Therefore Criminology has given us greater understanding of how female offending is affected by a lack of family support and social bonds and arguably how women are affected by the double standards present within the CJS. By challenging police recorded statistics Criminology has highlighted other debates, such as why do female offending rates appear to be rising and to what extent do women commit less crime than men? (Newburn 2007). In regard to rising female crime rates there are several perspectives; some argue that it is because womens roles are changing in society which gives them greater opportunity to offend (Adler, cited in Newburn 2007); some claim that it is due to economic marginalisation and women offend because of deprivation (Carlen 1998) and others suggest it is due to changes in the labelling of crimes which make for stricter sentencing (Heidensohn 1996). Criminology has incited many debates which have helped to develop a better understanding of the characteristics of female offending. As a result of criminological research, such as the British Crime Survey (BCS), we understand that overall women are at less risk of criminal victimisation than men. The only crimes that women are at a higher risk from is domestic violence and stalking/harassment (although it could be argued that the latter is due to men being less easily intimidated and less likely to report those types of crimes). We also know that the vast amount of the domestic violence suffered by women goes unreported. Finally, although we know that women are at less risk of crime overall, the BCS tells us that they have a greater fear of crime than men, and this impacts negatively on their daily lives (Newburn 2007). Criminology has contributed to our understanding of the characteristics of female victimisation in many ways. Firstly, By challenging police statistics it has highlighted the dark figure of crime, showing the vast amount of crimes that go either unknown, unreported, or unrecorded; therefore highlighting the vast amount of domestic violence, sexual assault and rape crimes women suffer, mainly at the hands of their husbands, partners or other family members (Heidensohn 1996). The issue of domestic violence is shockingly illustrated in a study carried out by Painter and Farrington (1998), in which one in seven wives reported being raped by their husbands (cited in Rafter, 2003). Traditionally crimes of domestic violence were trivialized by the police because of a general acceptance of violence against women by their partners (Newburn 2007). Criminology has also highlighted the issue of repeat victimization in regards to women; due to the nature of the offence repeat victimization rates are high in cases of domestic violence but research also shows that women who were abused in childhood are at a higher risk of being victimized in adulthood (Rafter 2003). Therefore, because of Criminology we understand that many more women suffer domestic violence than the police statistics suggest and also women who were abused as children are at a higher risk of getting involved in an abusive relationship in adulthood. Womens fear of victimization is a debated issue within Criminology, some explain that it is because women are the smaller sex and so are more easily intimidated and others suggest it is related to a fear of rape caused by socialization and moral panic, suggesting that it is irrational (Rafter 2003). Criminology has highlighted womens experience of crime and the CJS and societys attitudes towards female victimization (Newburn 2007). Criminology has found that women are often accused of precipitating or facilitating crimes against them, such as rape and assault; according to lifestyle theories, how women dress, whether they go out alone and where they go, all participates to their victimization (Rafter 2003). This theory is contradicted by victim survey data which suggests that women are at more risk of domestic violence than stranger violence (Newburn 2007). In regards to womens treatment within the CJS, criminology has highlighted the unfair and un-sympathetic treatment women arguably receive in regards to being victim of such crimes as rape and domestic violence, suggesting that women were often subject to secondary victimisation because of unsympathetic treatment given by the CJS (Rafter 2003). Consequently Criminology has helped to improve attitudes and treatment within the CJS by helping to establish the use of rape suites and aftercare services (Newburn 2007). In conclusion we have a greater understanding of why women fear crime and how society and the CJS have blamed them in some part for their own victimization. In conclusion, Criminology has been crucial in contributing to our understanding of the characteristics of female offending and victimization. By carrying out studies and surveys, gathering statistics and developing and debating theories Criminology has developed a greater understanding of why and what causes women to commit crime; why they commit less crime in comparison to men, and why they are more likely to commit certain types of crimes over others. Criminology has highlighted the vast amount of female victimization that goes unreported and has helped to counteract this by improving womens treatment within the CJS and by helping to change attitudes and policies. Overall, Criminology has given us a greater understanding of female offending and victimization and has been fundamental to our understanding of women and crime. Chesney-Lind, M. (1997) The Female Offender, Girls, Women and Crime, London: Sage publications Inc. Carlen, P.(1988) Women, Crime and Poverty Milton Keynes: Open University Press Educational Enterprises Ltd. Heidensohn, F. (1996) Women and Crime. (2nd Ed.) Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd. Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology. U.S.A. and Canada: Willan Publishing. Rafter, N. H. (2003) Encyclopedia of Women and Crime. Newyork: Checkmark Books.

Essay on the Influence of Mary Shelley’s Life on Frankenstein

Influence of Mary Shelley’s Life on Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Since its publication in 1818, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has grown to become a name associated with horror and science fiction. To fully understand the importance and origin of this novel, we must look at both the tragedies of Mary Shelley's background and her own origins. Only then can we begin to examine what the icon "Frankenstein" has become in today's society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mary Godwin was born in London in 1797 to prominent philosopher William Godwin and well-known feminist and author Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin. Shortly after Mary's birth, her mother died of complications from childbirth, and this event set the stage for the strained relationship between Mary and her father. Godwin blamed Mary for her mother's death and put her in the care of her unqualified stepmother, who favored her own children and forced Mary to do tedious housework. Godwin felt that punishing Mary would satisfy his grief, and consequently Mary became withdrawn in her studies. Her talent for writing is believed to have saved her from premature suicide.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Possibly as an attempt to be accepted by her father, Mary immersed herself in literary studies and her father's intellectual conversations with other philosophers. She attempted to compete with her mother's legacy by continuously writing. It was reported that Mary's "attempts to compete with her dead mother reached obsessive proportions by the time she turned seventeen." "When Mary was seventeen," writes Samuel Rosenburg, "she began taking her books and writing material to the nearby Old St. Pancras Church, where her parents had been married and where her mother was buried. There, seated in the graveyard behind the church, th... ...ience fiction. From this novel, many other versions have spawned, each one versions of the legendary novel by 19-year-old Mary Shelley.    Works Cited Florescu, Radu. In Search of Frankenstein. Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1975. Glut, Donald F. The Frankenstein Language: A Tribute to Mary Shelley and Boris Karloff. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1973. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. London: Puffin Books, 1818. Rosenburg, Samuel. "Happy 150th Dear Frankenstein," Life. March 15, 1968. taken from "the Life of Mary Shelley" document online: http://www.desert-fairy.com/life.shtml   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Consulted http://www.mountwashingtonvalley.com/frankenstein/ http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ls/research/frankenstein/ http://www.frankensteinwaxmuseum.com http://www.rrfrankenstein.com http://www.godsandmonsters.net   

Growing Up in a Bilingual Family Essay

Abstract Some bicultural families have to deal with the decision of how, when, and if they should make their children be bilingual. They worry that if instead of helping their kids doing so, it may hurt them. Most people agree that in long terms, being bilingual is a great tool. Since most parents agree on that, not all agree on how early kids should be introduce to a second language. Should it be as soon as they are born, or first learn one language and then a second? Growing Up in a Bilingual Family Educators and psychologists will advice to introduce a second language when kids are under the age of 3. De Houwer, (1999) says â€Å"Brain imaging studies show that languages in bilingual infants are stored closer together in the brain than in later bilinguals. This means, learning another language after the age of 3 both takes greater effort and is treated differently by the brain compared to the child who acquires them simultaneously.† The earliest a child is exposed to a second language, the better. Contrary to what many parents think that their kids may get confused and end up not learning completely either language. For instance, there are cases of kids who were exposed to two languages and by the age of 6 they know very well both languages. And the people that learn a second language in an adult age, they are most likely to have an accent after several years of been speaking a foreigner language, and most likely they will have their accent for a lifetime. Although, researches show that â€Å"The main reason for dominance in one language is that the child has had greater exposure to it and needs it more to communicate with people in the immediate environment† (Grosjean, 1983, p.209), and it is not usual that kids are exposed to two languages equally. There is usually one dominant language or mother language, and the minority language. This is why the minority language, should be balance by reading, dancing with music that has lyrics of the weaker language, watching TV shows and specially talking; conversational experiences are the most valuable, easy tool parents can used. The case of Mia, who is two years old, and William, a 4 years old boy who are more exposed to English than Spanish, the parents try to reinforce the weaker language by teaching them songs in the minority language and  making up songs with stories that calls the kid’s attention. This method worked in many families, and the result is always positive. On e of the most common frustrations in bilingual families is when their kids start mixing up two languages. Children feel single out and this situation makes them feel uncomfortable, especially when there are people around who don’t understand what the child is saying, this will end frustrating the child and start to deny speaking in a language that is not common in their environment; â€Å"Parents, who naturally tend to interpret a mixed utterance as evidence of confusion when in fact the child is getting on with the task of building up two sets of patterns by making more and more subtle contrasts† (Harding-Esch, 2008, p.56-57). Kids are not conscientiously trying to mix up two languages, they do it because is natural, it is normal for a child to pick different words from each languages to express their feelings and thoughts. We, as a bilingual parents, should instead of focusing on the mistakes that our kids make, is praise their effort and enthusiasm on their ability to speak two different languages. There are many ways that we can help bilingual kids learn two or more lan guages, the most important probably is never give up and think that the kids are not understanding or listening to what we are saying. They have busy minds, and while we think they are not listening or watching us, they are. Parents should use any opportunity to talk to them especially on the minority language. Make them feel that they are not different than majority language speakers. Getting them spend as much time possible with other minority speaker children by arranging play dates. Also, the bilingual kids should visit the country where the minority language is spoken. Cunningham, (2002, p.117), in her book In Growing up with Two Languages says, â€Å"The potential, advantages of this are manifold: The children get to know monolingual speakers of their own age, they learn to use their weaker language in different situations, they learn about the culture of the country†. This will be a great boost for bilingual children, to be exposed to a total immersion to a different culture that they are not very use to. In chapter 14, Cognitive Functions, it is mentioned that â€Å"Early exposure to some language increases ability to learn another language later.† Also it is mentioned that children are better at pronunciation and grammar when they learn a second language early in age. There is not really disadvantage on learning a second language  at any age but it is better to take advantage of the ability kids have to grasp almost anything during their first stages of life. Conclusion There is not evidence of negative effects of y learning at early age two languages or more. Instead, there are many evidences that children growing up with two languages have advantage over the ones that are not. As Grosjean says, â€Å"researchers have found that bilingualism is, after all, a great asset to the child†, and he continues, â€Å"Especially, in intelligence and cognitive growth, researchers stress the assets of bilingualism†. There is nothing to loose getting our kids to learn two languages, all what it requires is our patience and consistency. References Cunningham, U. & Anderson, S. (2002). Growing up with two languages: A practical Guide. New York: Taylor and Francis Group. De Houwer, A. (1999). Two or more languages in Early Childhood. Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/earlychild.html Grosjean, F. (1992). Life with two languages. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Harding-Esch, E. & Riley, P. (2008). The bilingual family: A handbook for parents. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Compare and Contrast the Poems September 1913 and Easter 1916 Essay

New Irish Hereford Prime bonus THE 90+ days pre-booking bonus is available from the 1st November 2012. If you will have cattle ready for slaughter from this date they should be booked in from the beginning of August 2012. Heifer & Steer qualifying weight range 220kg – 380kg SEE NEXT PAGE FOR EXAMPLE HEIFERS & STEERS >>> What is the new Irish Hereford Prime bonus worth to you Eg. 580kg HEX Heifer – Grading O+4- @ 51% kill out = 296kg carcase – 15c/kg – Under 300kg carcase Hereford Prime bonus + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬62 – 20c/kg – Under 300kg carcase & pre-booked 28 days + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬77 – 25c/kg – Under 300kg carcase & pre-booked 90 days + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬92 If this animal graded R+ or better it would also get a further 6c/kg Hereford quality bonus and be worth â‚ ¬110 extra in Irish Hereford Prime The new Hereford Prime bonus can be worth up to 31c/kg on this R+ heifer under 300kg carcass Eg. 675kg HEX Steer – Grading R-4- @ 52% kill out = 351kg carcase – 10c/kg – Standard Hereford Prime bonus + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬56 – 15c/kg – Pre-booking 28 days in advance + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬74 – 20c/kg – Pre-booking 90 days in advance + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬91 If this animal graded R+ or better it would also get a further 6c/kg Hereford quality bonus and be worth over â‚ ¬112 extra in Irish Hereford Prime The new Hereford Prime bonus can be worth up to 26c/kg on this R+ steer

GENDER DESCRIMINATION Example

GENDER DESCRIMINATION Example GENDER DESCRIMINATION – Coursework Example The issue under consideration was on how female manages are still biased, despite achieving success in their areas of work. This article identifies a female director, Ms. Mayer of Yahoo, and the tribulations she faced because of dismissing the head of operations. The man under consideration decided to use discriminative words against the female CEO. Another example is on Lynn Tilton, who is the CEO of Patriarch Partners. An organization that is responsible for carrying out leverage buyout schemes. This has helped in ensuring that companies facing financial problems are able to get back into business. She sacked an employee for fabricating his CV (Brescoll and Sonnenfeld, 2014). However, the employee began using gender biased words against her, and all these were published in the media. However, in handling these situations, the managers concerned appealed to the media, to stop using words that are discriminative against women. It is important to understand that Ms Mayer and Ms Tilto n handled the situation calmly, and this is because they are aware of the gender sensitivity that surrounds the leadership of women in the corporate world. In fact, Ms Tilton denoted that had female reporters covered positive attributes that faced women, then these problems of gender discrimination would end (Naber, 2012). However, if they were not aware of the gender issues under consideration, then chances are high that their reaction to the stories would be different. Their reaction to male chauvinism used in the example would most definitely lead to the condemnation of the behavior under consideration. This is because they are women, and leading some of the most profitable companies in the world. On the other hand, in handling the experience of the woman in gender discrimination, the two Ms Mayer and Ms Tilton would likely advice her to seek legal redress.References: Brescoll, V., & Sonnenfeld, J. (n.d.). Women as Bosses Still Face Bias. DealBook Women as Bosses Still Face Bias Comments. Retrieved August 5, 2014, from http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/women-as-bosses-still-face- bias/?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C{%222%22%3A%22RI%3A16%2 2} Naber, N. C. (2012). Arab America gender, cultural politics, and activism. New York: New York University Press.

The importance of being an individual in Educating Rita and Pygmalion Essays

The importance of being an individual in Educating Rita and Pygmalion Essays The importance of being an individual in Educating Rita and Pygmalion Essay The importance of being an individual in Educating Rita and Pygmalion Essay Essay Topic: Literature Pygmalion Individuality is definitely an important part in both Rita, and Elizas characters. They both come from a defined social group or class. Rita comes from the common Liverpudlian working class; she lives (at the start of the play) in a small house with her husband Denny. Eliza is more of a street dweller. She is dirty, and lousy, and lives in a tiny flat with no heating or electricity she cant afford it. Both of the girls seem quite ordinary for their era, but they both seem a little different from there peers. Rita begins to ask questions to herself, like who am I she thinks about the future and in doing so she acts on her ideas, breaking away from what she knows. Eliza does not seem to be thinking about this, her life is too hard. But when she does get to think about her chance, she grabs it, any thing to escape her current status. Early Eliza and early Rita are both quite insecure, Eliza is very low class, and quite insecure, she is struggling to stay above prostitution, she still has her self respect. Rita is in a better state, although she is insecure, she is very naive, so she decides to join Open University. She is motivated by curiosity, and the questions she was asking herself, like is this all there is in life? In 1971 there where about a million unemployed people in Liverpool, Rita was luckily not one of them, but she certainly did not want to become a percentage. She was not happy as a hairdresser, she wanted more. Compared with Eliza she was quite happy, although they where both in a situation where any chance to break free from there circle would be snapped up. Eliza was like many others in her time, selling flowers, but there where many more selling themselves. As a flower girl in Totenham court road Eliza sold flowers. As a lady she is threatened with the prospect of having nothing to sell but herself (Gibbs) The day when Higgins throws his small change to Eliza, she thinks she can afford to pay for lessons with Higgins, so she can loose her cockney accent. At first all she wants to do is work in a flower shop to get out of her current position. But her ideas about herself change rapidly. Elizas escape from her hopeless life as a flower girl could be described as a discovery, a ray of light that gives her a chance. We must remember that woman did not have many rights in the time when the play was set, and even in Ritas time, woman had little independence, and they normally lived under the ways of their husbands. Elizas turning point was when she had a choice, she did not have many choices in her life, she had a routine, and if she did not stick to it then she would have starved, or died. Higgins explains that by creating a new speech for her he is filling up the deepest gulf that separates class from class, and soul form soul (Ganz). You can compare both Elizas and Ritas experiences as they both get choices, a privilege to both of them, particularly Eliza. There are also comparable motives for each of the characters to try and get an education. The ending of both plays are very significant to the story lines. The relationship between student and teacher in both of the plays are in some ways similar. In Pygmalion, the relationship is a not very close between Eliza and Higgins, and although Higgins does not treat her very well they do have a certain bond. Suggestions of a Frankenstein relation between creator and creature are also present in Pygmalion (Gibbs) the relationship between Frank and Rita is much closer and friendlier then in Pygmalion. They do get on well and there are often hints of romance. Rita has found someone with the knowledge that she longs for, and she tries to learn very hard, despite her natural instincts to argue etc. The relationship is hard as they come from such different backgrounds, as we experience in Pygmalion. The ending of educating Rita is not a final ending, Rita comes back to see frank after an exam, and he is leaving to go to Australia. He goes as far as asking Rita to come with him, but she declines, and leaves the reader with a certain feeling of what happens next. Pygmalion is drawn to more of a conclusion, Eliza and most of the other characters go off to Doolittles wedding, leaving Higgins alone. It is not a happy ending, as Eliza also turns down an invitation, this time to live with Higgins. The end is not a happy one, as depicted in My fair lady Shaw did this to prove wrong what people thought would happen. Individuality also applies to the teachers. Both of them are very strong about their ideas, and their lives are very routine. They are both used to a life like this, and the arrival of new pupils into their lives seems to change their lifestyle dramatically. Because the teachers and pupils have such strong personalities, they can clash and therefore result in conflict. Frank is a middle aged man, who has been teaching for a long time. He loves to drink, and does so as much as he can. Higgins is a very rich man, he loves his work, and so does not have very much time for romance. He is a difficult character to analyze, as he is quite quiet and a deep character. His relationship with Eliza is refined, and they use Pickering as a sort of go between. Higgins somewhat relies on her in the end, and is a bit sad to see her go. Shirley Valentine could be described as the Rita that never did carry on with her education. The plot involves a sad woman, who has brought up her children and wants to escape for a while. She goes on a holiday to Greece with her friend, and meets Costas; a Greek man and they have a romance. She decides to stay in Greece at the last minute, and runs off from the airport. The love affair with being free is what Rita craves, and she shows this in the story. Shirley asks herself questions in the play, as does Rita. What if I somehow if for some reason I didnt go back home The ideas start to pop up in her mind, and she starts to think, what would happen if I didnt go home? It is clearly shown in Pygmalion that woman did not have many rights in the early 1900s. The fact that you never see any woman with real wealth of their own shows this. Shaw though, was a great feminist. He wanted woman to have the vote. He used the impression of Galatea, (by the artist Pygmalion) to voice a pioneering discussion, and voiced questions like who is she? and what is her relationship? The idea of building a person is like in the play, where Higgins builds Eliza, into what he wants. The same idea is also used in educating Rita. Frank becomes worried when Rita starts learning from others and herself, because he can not shape and guide her anymore. Russell tries to put forward that he wants to try and establish individuality through knowledge, rather than Shaws rather more deep morals. The end of the play should be similar in each book, but the characters really stand out, faced with the prospect of never seeing Eliza again, Higgins just states to buy some cheese and ham, and some gloves, This shows Higgins character well, and really explains how he tries to ignore the hard things, and how he deals with problems. The character of frank becomes quite sentimental at the end of the play, inviting her to Australia. This quote does not explain the character Frank so well, as he never seems to latch on to anything much during the play. These continuing themes really make the two plays come together, and the more that you analyze them, the more bonds and patterns you see appear. The links between creator and creature, which you pick up in Frankenstein, follow along some of the paths Shaw and Russell experimented with. Unfeeling, heartless creator! You had endowed me with the perceptions and passions, and then cast me abroad an object for the scorn and horror of mankind. This quote really applies to Pygmalion; you can imagine Eliza saying something like this to Higgins, and she does say some things that amount to nearly as much, towards the end of the play. Perhaps Rita is luckier, and she and Frank leave on a better note at the end of the pay. All these bonds are important, and they show the similarities, and difference between the plays, and show that individuality is important.

Free Enterprise and the Role of Government in America

Free Enterprise and the Role of Government in America Americans often disagree about the appropriate role of government in the economy. This is demonstrated by the sometimes inconsistent approach to regulatory policy throughout American history. As  Christoper Conte and Albert Karr point out in their volume, Outline of the U.S. Economy, the American commitment to free markets continually endured since the dawn of the 21-century, even as  Americas capitalist  economy  remained a work in progress. History of Large Government The American belief in free enterprise does not and has not precluded a major role for government. Many times, Americans have depended on the government to break up or regulate companies that appeared to be developing so much power that they could defy market forces. In general, government grew larger and intervened more aggressively in the economy from the 1930s until the 1970s.   Citizens rely on the government to address matters the private economy overlooks in sectors ranging from education to protecting the environment. Despite their advocacy of market principles, Americans have used government at times in history to nurture new industries or even to protect American companies from competition. Shift Towards Less Government Intervention But economic hardships in the 1960s and 1970s left Americans skeptical about the ability of government to address many social and economic issues. Major social programs (including Social Security and Medicare, which, respectively, provide retirement income and health insurance for the elderly) survived this period of reconsideration. But the overall growth of the federal government slowed in the 1980s. A Flexible Service Economy The pragmatism and flexibility of Americans have resulted in an unusually dynamic economy. Change has been a constant in American economic history. As a result, the once agrarian country is far more urban today than it was 100, or even 50, years ago. Services have become increasingly important relative to traditional manufacturing. In some industries, mass production has given way to more specialized production that emphasizes product diversity and customization. Large corporations have merged, split up and reorganized in numerous ways. New industries and companies that did not exist at the midpoint of the 20th-century now play a major role in the nations economic life. Employers are becoming less paternalistic, and employees are expected to be more self-reliant. Increasingly, government and business leaders emphasize the importance of developing a highly skilled and flexible workforce in order to ensure the countrys future economic success.

Speedy Hire Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Speedy Hire Plc - Essay Example y has increased the requirements for the housing sector in the country and the reduced cyclicality has allowed companies to anticipate the market trends more effectively. Companies including Speedy Hire Plc within this sector is continuously relying on the information technology therefore there will be increased dependence on technology in the future also. Legal environment in the country is favorable. Environmental concerns for companies are increasingly becoming a burning issue for the hire industry and it is believed that companies successfully addressing environmental issues will competitive advantage in the future. Starting with a very humble beginning, Speedy Hire Plc is now considered as top company in UK for hire market and is listed on Stock Exchange. Speedy Hire Plc is a business to business company and operates through two divisions of Tool Hire and Equipment Hire. The Tool hire division operates through five regional companies with 235 depots whereas Equipment Hire division also operates through the five businesses with 126 depots. Over the period of time, company has made an organic growth and now considered as one of the major players in the market. The competitive landscape in the market is changing. The market historically remain divided into two product lines however this traditional demarcation is changing and market seems to be consolidating. The increasing environmental concerns and increased use of information technology are the two factors which are further pushing the competition to the limits. This further aggravates the fact that there are very low barriers to entry into the market therefore there remains a great threat of new entrants into the market also. Besides small players mushroomed at local level can be considered as bigger threat also. As discussed above that the barriers to entry are low in the market therefore there is a strong possibility of new entrants making into the market however considering the cost of doing business,

Benjamin franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Benjamin franklin - Essay Example The website ushistory.org is published by the Independence Hall Association (IHA) which is a non-profit organization in Philadelphia. All their sites are copyrighted and they give historical details of famous people and facts of history. Through this website they have projected Franklin’s struggles in early life and how he managed to get into the printing business. His endeavor and experiments as a scientist have also been portrayed apart from his interest in politics. He not only served the United States while living there but even for 18 years he lived in England as a colonial representative. This demonstrates his loyalty to his nation. The websites concentrates on the international fame that electricity and lightning brought to Franklin. This is basically a quick biography and the intended audience is high school students or first timers who are not much aware about Franklin. The website gives information that England was far ahead of America during that period although cor ruption in politics and royal circles in England did disturb him. America had strained relations even with France and Franklin was responsible for the Treaty of Paris. The second website has collected details from the Encyclopedia Britannica. This website highlights Franklin as a person, an individual, as a child, his youth, his successes and achievements and his dedication to public service. This site also highlights critics of Franklin, his contemporaries who thought he was a fraud. His early life has been mentioned but no details of his struggles as in the previous website have been given. This website also highlights him as a philanthropist who founded academies and societies for the benefit of the society. He had an early start in politics and this website gives more details of his political involvement in England. The intended audience would be the casual readers or high school children to familiarize themselves with the life and times of Franklin. The purpose of this

The economic growth of the UK has varied over the 10 years between Essay

The economic growth of the UK has varied over the 10 years between 2004 and 2014 - Essay Example Despite the fact that there was great fluctuation in United Kingdom economic growth there were great improvements in UK economic growth rates between 2004 and 2014. This is because the UK government was able to put in place policies that promote trade and investments. That policy helps to prevent corruption and fraudulent acts that pulls down an economy. Economic growth has numerous benefits which include; it helps to improve consumers and investors confidence. It creates employment opportunities and improves standards of living among the citizens. Moreover, it helps to improve reduce government borrowings (Nafziger and Nafziger, 2005) The above graph indicates the trend patterns of UK GDP growth rates from 2004 to 2014. It can be scrutinized that the GDP growth rate was fluctuating from 2004 to 2014. The United Kingdom GDP growth rate was substantially higher between 2004 and 2006. However, between 2008 and 2009,there was a sharp in economic growth declined at a rate below negative 2 percent and then started rising in the year 2010 and partially 2012 before it starts fluctuating from 2012 to 2014. It can be observed that increase in consumers’ confidence and market conditions tend to be presented by the three phases of economic growth namely; recovery, Booms and Peak as indicated. At peak, the UK economy has reached the maximum point of growth and hence, the consumer confidence starts falling whereby consumer starts to reduce their buying patterns making the GDP to decline causing recession. The UK economy starts to recover at recovery point as consumer’s confidence increase. The UK economy continue s to improve at a faster rate at recovery making the economy to undergo expansion (Boom) phase. At a level the levels of unemployment declines and economy improve significantly, as consumers confidence improves (McKinnon, 2007). ` The fluctuation in the United Kingdom GDP growth

Summary for a two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Summary for a two articles - Essay Example The article being reviewed by DeHoog emphasizes upon the core issues, values, market management strategies and policies related with the management of public service contracts (p.66). In this concise commentary DeHoog has mentioned the weaknesses and strengths of the authors’ points being presented in the article. He has thoroughly reviewed the issues being discussed by the authors and their approaches to discuss those issues. The critic appreciates certain elements of the article under observation (for example, the comprehensive connections between the theory and practice of contracting) and disapproves of others (for example, the neglecting of certain â€Å"nuances† of contracting). The author believes that the impact of political power in terms of contracting has been underplayed in this study; there is a political agenda at plat behind the upsurge of the contracting business that has not been touched in the article. The authors of that article are more inclined towards taking contracting as a managerial service, and so they tend to eliminate the strong role of evolving political situations in contracting. DeHoog claims that the authors have managed to put forth a clear structured guide for contracting practitioners and students, yet they have failed to emphasize that this employment is neither a clear cut business, nor an easy one. Moreover, he says that his view has been shaped by the stinging questions that emerge due to the severe opportunist culture and corruption of the whole affair even in places where competent workers are hired. He says that these authors have failed to point out the extent of political impact on discussion making; their values are economy, a pro-business philosophy and an election-coalition building value. While balancing stakeholders, unaware managers might not even understand the hold of these pressures on their services, and perhaps those who know would conveniently

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Fashion and Flesh - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and Flesh" talks about Flesh and Fashion. Unfortunately, males also look to these images to determine whether or not the females in their lives can compare, or if they have made the cut to be considered attractive. Television, movies, and magazines have greatly altered our perception of what a normal, healthy, beautiful human being should look like. Plus-size models, though they do exist, are very few and far between. It is almost impossible to find a magazine or watch a television show or movie that does not have a very thin female as the center of attention, or as a supporting cast. Yet when people in real life look around at the other people surrounding them, they tend to become confused at how many different body types there really are in this world and how very few of them can actually be compared to those on the silver screen. Unfortunately, the same perception is made as these people look at themselves. To constantly see size two waists on television and the n to look down at your own size five body has the ability to be discomforting. It suddenly becomes a dream, a goal, to look just like the skinny frame viewed on television. Eating disorders have become very common in young females, and many of these cases can be traced back to the lack of self-esteem they feel after having viewed too many of these thin starlets. They either expect themselves to look the same, or else are expected by others to be just as thin. Becoming the glamorized perception of beautiful has become a task.

Agile manifesto - what are the downsides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Fashion and Flesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion and Flesh - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and Flesh" talks about Flesh and Fashion. Unfortunately, males also look to these images to determine whether or not the females in their lives can compare, or if they have made the cut to be considered attractive. Television, movies, and magazines have greatly altered our perception of what a normal, healthy, beautiful human being should look like. Plus-size models, though they do exist, are very few and far between. It is almost impossible to find a magazine or watch a television show or movie that does not have a very thin female as the center of attention, or as a supporting cast. Yet when people in real life look around at the other people surrounding them, they tend to become confused at how many different body types there really are in this world and how very few of them can actually be compared to those on the silver screen. Unfortunately, the same perception is made as these people look at themselves. To constantly see size two waists on television and the n to look down at your own size five body has the ability to be discomforting. It suddenly becomes a dream, a goal, to look just like the skinny frame viewed on television. Eating disorders have become very common in young females, and many of these cases can be traced back to the lack of self-esteem they feel after having viewed too many of these thin starlets. They either expect themselves to look the same, or else are expected by others to be just as thin. Becoming the glamorized perception of beautiful has become a task.

STRANGERS IN THE LAND PATTERNS OF AMERICAN NATIVISM,1860-1925 Essay

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Models Of Organisational Culture Management Essay

Models Of Organisational Culture Management Essay The research will present literature of various models of organisational culture. The research will concentrate on models of organisational culture by Schein, Hofstede, Denison and competing value framework models. This model will be presented to give a framework for organisational culture. The models of organisational culture are very important to the study as they explore the various perspectives of authors and how they are applied in organisational setting. The study will focus on the Denison model of organisational culture. 2.2.1 Schein (1992) discusses the levels of culture namely; artefact, espoused value, basic underlying assumption. 2.2.2 Artefacts Artefacts deal with organisational attribute that can be perceived, felt and heard as new members join the organisation, they are difficult to measure. According to Du Toit (2002), artefacts are visible, obvious expressions of culture. They are the tangible and audible demonstration of behaviour supported by organisational norms, values and assumptions. They range from aspects such as architecture, office design, language, rituals and celebrations. 2.2.3 Espoused Values This level deals with espoused goals, norms, standard, morals and principle, and it is measureable. It is the value from the foundation as to what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. They represent what is considered as right and wrong and forms an ethical code of the organisation. Norms relate to value that indicate the expectancy amongst members in the organisation. Norms offers the organisation with unwritten rules that shows the expectations in terms of actions appropriate to certain situation. Norms and values support the artefact of a culture (Du Toit, 2002). 2.2.4 Basic Underlying Assumption This level is the basis of the culture of an organisation. Basic assumptions are unconscious and are often taken for granted, but they are often how employees feel in an organisation. The basic assumptions are often taken for granted to the degree that there is little variation within culture unit. They serve as a guiding behaviour that tell people how to think, feel and perceive work, performance goals relationships and performance of co-workers. (Du Toit, 2002) Figure 1 Scheins Model of organisational Culture Source: Schein, E.H. organisational culture and leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1992, figure 9. 2.3 Hofstedes Model of organisational Culture Hofstedes four levels of culture are symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. This cultural model was for the relationship between organisational culture and local cultures. . 2.3.1 Symbols Symbols is the first level of this cultural model. Symbols convey a specific meaning within a culture, (Davidson, 2004). According to Denison (1990), symbols are the most obvious elements of culture, presenting the gestures, objects or words, which are acknowledged by those who belong to the same organisational culture. 2.3.2 Heroes Heroes according to Davidson (2004) are people who are recognised to have characteristics that are highly valued and most times are winners in the organisation. They function as models of behaviour within the organisation (Hofstede, 1985). 2.3.3 Rituals Rituals represent a number of activities in the culture that are extra but are considered socially vital. According to Hofstede (1985), symbols, heroes and rituals can be termed as practices, because they can be seen and observe. 2.3.4 Values According to Hofstede, the essential aspect of culture is formed by values, which are broad propensities to have a preference of certain state to others which are the deepest level of culture (Denison, 1990). Figure 2 Hofstede organisational culture model Source Adapted from Davidson (2004, p.47) 2.4 Competing Value Framework Model The competing value framework consists of two dimensions which have been encompassed into four groups. The first dimension is allied to organisational focus, from an internal emphasis on the well-being and development of individuals in the organisation and to an external emphasis on the well-being and development of the organisation itself. The second dimension distinguishes organisational preference for structure and signifies the difference between stability, control, flexibility and change. The two dimensions form the four quadrants of the model (Cameron and Quinn, 2006). 2.4.1 Clan Model The clan model in the upper left quadrant places a great importance on the flexibility and internal focus, and stresses on cohesion, moral and human resource development as standard for effectiveness. This model focuses on friendly working environment, like one big family where individuals have a lot in common and share things among themselves. Leaders are seen as mentor, and they represent a parental symbol. What keeps the organisation together is loyalty, custom and teamwork. The organisation focuses on long-run remunerations of individuals development with a sense of high unity and morale being important, whilst commitment becomes very high (Cameron Ettington, 1988). Accordingly, Cameron and Quinn (1991) argued that clannish organisations place importance on attachment, affiliation and membership support. The definition of achievement at this level is in terms of thoughtfulness to clients and concern for people, exceptional focus is on teamwork, involvement and harmony in the org anisation (Cameron Quinn, 2006). 2.4.2 Adhocracy model The Adhocracy model is located in the upper right quadrant emphasising on flexibility and external focus, and highlight on readiness, growth, resource, acquisition and external support. The organisation is measured as a vigorous, enterprising, and resourceful workplace, where employees stick their necks out to take risks for the organisation. Leaders are ambitious, productive and risk-oriented. The organisation is held together by commitment to experiment and invention. The focus is being at the foremost edge of work knowledge, products and other services. Willingness for change and meeting new challenges are significant. The organisations long- run emphasis is on fast growth and obtaining new resources. Denison and Spreitzer (1991) argued that, the resources are predicted to cultivate innovation and cutting-edge output. Behaviours come from members creativity, self-determination and adaptability (Cameron and Quinn, 2006). 2.4.3 Market model This model is located in the lower right quadrant with emphasis on control. It has internal focus, and stresses on the role of information management, communication, stability and control. The most important attention is for work to done. Leaders become motivating creators, directors, and contestants. Leaders are tough and demanding. The bond that holds the organisation together is on importance on winning. The long-run concern is on competitive movements and achieving strategic goals and targets. The style of the organisation is striving on competiveness (Cameron and Quinn, 2006). 2.4.4 Hierarchy model Hierarchy model is in the lower left quadrant. This model emphasises on control. It has external focus, and views planning, goal setting, productivity and efficiency as effective. It is branded as a formal and organized place to work. Measures and well define practice govern what people do. Leaders in the organisation are good coordinators, planners, and efficient experts. The long-run of the organisation are constancy, expectedness and efficiency. Official guidelines and policies hold the organisation together (Cameron Quinn 2006). Behaviours that affect these values consist of conformity and predictability. Denison and Spreitzer (1991) argued that these values, in turn, promote efficiency, timeliness, and smooth functioning. Figure 3 Competing Value Framework Source from Cameron and Quinn (1999) 2.5 The Denison Organisational Culture Model. Denison (1990) established four basic views of organisational culture traits namely; mission, consistency, involvement and adaptability 2.5.1Mission Denison (1990) postulates that, culture that offers a shared definition of the role and purpose of the organisation is not only positively linked with putting in their efforts in the interests of the organisation, but also helps in finding the direction and goals which makes it easier to select appropriate course of action for the organisation. A sense of mission permits an organisation to shape present behaviours by predicting a desired future state. Being able to adopt and recognise with an organisations mission contributes both short and long-term commitment to the organisation. Organisations that have low mission scores usually have top executives who concentrate on controlling their organisation, second-guess their direct report and make thorough decisions about products, people and resources. Also, organisation with low mission scores respond to competitors who have redefined the rules, goals and not very understanding to many employees and the long term drive of the organisation is not very motivating. The mission model has three divisions; 2.5.1a. Strategic Direction and Intent A clear strategy intention communicates the organisations purpose and has a clear indication on how everyone in organisation can contribute and make an impact in the organisation (Denison et al., 2006). This affirms the argument by (Baker., 2002) that strategic planning and identification are very important for maintaining organisational culture (Baker., 2002). 2.5.1b Goals and Objectives According to Denison et al (2006), a clear set goals and objective can be associated to the mission, vision and strategy and this give a clear direction to employees in an organisation. To be able to function effectively an organisation should be able to plan future course of action and also have a well-defined understanding of where they are going and the strategy to get there. 2.5.1cVision Denison et al (2006) posit that, the organisation has a shared view of preferred future and it stands for core values and apprehends the heart and minds of the members of the organisation, whiles giving guiding principle and direction. Mobley et al (2005) discovered from a study when assessing a global office furniture firm that, high score on vision may be indicative to people in the organisation having a clear idea as to the vision of the organisation. Denison and Fey (2006) argued that mission is the most significant cultural characteristics for the organisations concentrating on sales growth. 2.5.2 Consistency Denison (1990) suggests that, a reliable procedure for exchanging information is communication because it brings about an agreement on the meaning of words, actions and other symbols and further argued that organisational members will enhance their internal co-ordination and stimulate meaning and a sense of identification when they have a common perspective, shared beliefs and communal values. Organisations are effective when they are consistent and well incorporated (Safflord, 1998). To back this view, Denison, 2006; Gordon and Ditomaso,1992; Schein, 1992; argued that, behaviour is rooted in the set of core value, that leaders and followers are capable in agreeing and including various points of view and that the organisations activities are well coordinated and integrates. A consistent organisation cultivates an idea and produce organisational systems that build an essential system of authority based on consensual support. 2.5.2a Core Value Members of organisations often share a set of values which generates a sense of identity and a clear set of expectation. A research in Russia, conducted by Denison and Fey (2006) indicated that employees viewed core values to be important. The response of employees showed that the main purpose of the firm is to uphold the integrity of the current authority structure. 2.5.2b Agreement When members of organisations are able to reach agreement on critical issues, there is an agreement. This involves the fundamental level of agreement and the capacity to settle the differences as they happen (Denison et al., 2006). A study conducted on the effect of organisational practices on individual attitudes and behaviour by Fisher and Alford (2000) discovered that it is important to establish if agreement within the organisation is about the main organisational practices. Agreement will build up the impact of organisational practices of individual work behaviour. Disagreement on the other hand will weaken the connection between organisational practices and work attitude and behaviour. 2.5.2c Co-ordination and Integration Different departments of organisation are able to work together to accomplish a common goal whiles organisational boundaries do not affect getting the work done (Denison et al., 2006). The Wyandotte city council did a research to determine ways to decrease operational cost and to enhance customer service. The Denison culture survey was administered and the outcome was low consistency scores which point out that the city council should enhance integration and co-ordination in order to increase operational effectiveness, (Buno and Bowditch, 1998). Organisations that have low consistency score most of the times have customers who get unsatisfied for the reason that no one seems to be able to speak for the whole organisation. According to Rondeau and Wagner (1999), strong consistency cultures which highlight adherence to formal roles, rules and regulation and traditions, were discovered to be usually less likely to use systematic approaches when reacting to change. 2.5.3 Involvement Involvement incorporates the significance that the organisation places on building the capabilities of its professional and administrative employees. The value that the organisation has on team orientation against individual accomplishment and the feeling of ownership is created by the high level involvement. According to Denison, Jonovics Young and Cho (2006), employees are committed to their work when they feel a strong sense of ownership. They indicated that, people at all levels believe that they have some contribution into decisions that will affect their work and will make them believe that their work is directly connected to the organisational goals. The involvement view on organisational culture postulates that, the role of organisational effectiveness is the level of involvement of organisations members participation. A sense of ownership and responsibility is created by a high level of involvement and participation. This ownership produces a high level of commitment to the organisation and an increasing ability to operate under circumstances of ambiguity. The outcome is an increase in the level of employee commitment to the organisation which tends to reduce the needs for formal systems of control in organisation and leading to performance improvement (Denison, 1990). Organisation with a high level of involvement depends on informal, voluntary and implicit control system instead of formal, explicit, bureaucratic control systems. On the other hand, organisation with low involvement generally shows an organisation whose employees are detached from their work, ignorant of its importance and its link to the rest of the organisation, reluctant to accept greater responsibility and are tentative about working with people who are not from their immediate circle (Denison et al., 2006) The involvement part of the Denison model has three divisions. 2.5.3a Empowerment According to Denison et al (2006), people have the authority, initiative and aptitude to manage their own work. This produces a sense of ownership and responsibility to the organisation. Greastey, Bryman, Dairity, Prince, Soetanto and King (2005) did an investigation on how empowerment is perceived by employees in a construction firm and discovered that the strict regulations and rules under which construction workers operate, hinder their freedom to impact the work that they do. Additional discoveries suggest that the role of the employees direct supervisor has a strong impact on the diffusion of empowerment. To concur this view, findings of an investigation done by Benko (2001) perceived that if employees were not constrained by rules, regulation and limitations, they were able work more efficiently, promptly and effectively. 2.5.3b Team Orientation Denison et el (2006) postulate that, organisation depends on team effort to get work done as value is placed on working together towards a common goal for which every employee feel jointly responsible. Scott et al (2003) conducted a research on team orientation; they found out that, group association and teamwork have been linked with greater implementation of continuous quality development practice. 2.5.3c Capability Development According to Denison et al (2006), capability development of the organisation is the continuously investment in the development of employees skills to enable the organisation to stay competitive and meet on-going business demands. Managers and employees must learn how they can work well in a market economy, so an organisational culture that place importance on training and capability development of workers is very essential, (Puffer, 1992). Research point out those effective organisations empowers and engages their employees, build their organisation around teams and develop human skill at all levels (Block, 1991; Buckingham Coffman, 1999; Lawler, 1996; Spreitzer, 1995). Fey and Denison (2006) discovered that involvement is the most key dimension of organisational culture for organisation whose primary aim is employees satisfaction. To harmonise this view, research conducted examining organisational culture in a hospital setting found that strong involvement cultures were possible to increase employee participation, increase employee training and development expenditure, and increase use of self-managed work teams (Rondeau and Wagner, 1999). 2.5.4 Adaptability Denison and Mishra (1995) argue that organisation which has a strong adaptability generally experience sales and growth market share. Organisations which have low adaptability score generally have an internal focus and struggle to respond to competitors, customers and employees with new ideas. Low adaptability organisations operate on apathy and their past accomplishment may possibly create barriers for future success. Top managers in these organisations devote their time responding to results of standard operating procedures, controlling the organisation and managing short-term performance, instead of leading change or long-term thinking (Denison et al., 2006). 2.5.4a Creating Change Denison et al (2006) argued that, an organisation is able to create adaptive ways to meet changing needs. It is also able to read the business environment to react quickly to trends and predict future changes. A research conducted by Price (2003) in assessing organisational culture in a manufacturing firm, discovered that most employees showed that they were not rewarded or respected for discovering new and better ways of doing things, and they are not able to quickly adapt, change is met with opposition and the organisation is not taking the initiative. Areas that need improvement were identified in order for the organisation to adapt to the external environment. 2.5.4b Customer Focus Customer focus mirrors the extent to which the organisation is motivated by a concern to satisfy its customers. The organisation recognises and responds to their customers and predicts their future needs (Denison et al., 2006). Price (2003) when assessing the organisational culture of the manufacturing firm reached that most employees felt that they were meeting the needs and expectations of the customers. 2.5.4c. Organisational Learning The organisation obtains, interpret indicators from the environment into opportunities. The opportunities serve as a means to inspire innovation, gain knowledge and develop competences (Denison et al., 2006). Rondeau and Wagner (1999) from the study they conducted reported that strong adaptability cultures emphasis employees innovation, risk-taking, internal flexibility and entrepreneurialism. Also according to Doherty and Hardy (1996) adaptability to the environment is an essential element in ensuring innovative success. Figure 4: Denison organisational culture model Adapted from www.denisonconsulting.com 2.6 ORGANISATIONAL COMMIMENT The idea of organisational commitment has increase in the literature on industrial and organisational psychology (Cohen, 2003). The theory of organisational commitment is a concept different from other concepts such as job satisfaction, job involvement, career salience, occupational commitment, turnover intentions and work group attachment (Cohen, 1993; Mathieu Farr, 1991; Meyer et al.,1993; Morrow McElroy, 1986; Mueller et al; 1992). Apart from being a different concept, organisational commitment adds exclusively to the forecast of important outcome variables such as performance, turnover and withdrawal behaviours (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Meyer et al, 1993; Tett and Meyer, 1993). Research has emphasised that commitment has a great impact on the successful performance of an organisation. A highly committed employee in an organisation will identify with the goals, objectives and values of the organisation and will have a strong desire of being associated with the organisation. 2.6.1 Definition of organisational commitment. The concept of organisational commitment was defined by Mowday et al (1982, p.27) as, the relative strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organisation. OReilly and Chatman (1986, p.493), defined organisational commitment as the psychological attachment felt by the person for the organisation; it will reflect the degree to which the individual internalises or adopts characteristics or perspective of the organisation. Organisational commitment has been defined as a psychological state that binds the individuals to the organisation (Allen and Meyers, 1990, p.14). Mathieu and Zajac, (1990, p.171) also defines organisational commitment as a bond or link between the individual and the organisation. However, Steers (1977) defined organisational commitment as a comparative strength of an employees identification and participation with an organisation. According to Mowday, (1992), commitment consists of three components, it is identification with the goals and values of the organisation, a desire to belong to the organisation and willingness to display effort on organisations behalf. Researchers suggest that commitment impacts behaviour independently of other motives or attitudes and, might lead to the persistence in a course of action even in the face of conflicting motives or attitudes. Thus, commitment can lead individuals to behave in a way that, from the perspective of neutral observers, might seem in contrast to their own self-interest, e.g. a temporary employee who is productive despite having no job security (Meyer and Herscovitch, 2001, p. 301). For the purpose of this research, the definition and components given by Allen and Meyer (1990) will be used. 2.6.2 Models of organisational commitment The research will present literature of various models of organisational commitment. The research will concentrate on the Morrows model, OReilly Chatmans model, Etzionis model, and Allen and Meyer model. These models will be presented to give a framework for organisational culture. The models of organisational commitment are very important to the study as they explore the various perspectives of authors and how they are applied in organisational setting. The study will focus on the Allen and Meyers model of organisational commitment. 2.6.3 OReilly and Chatmans model of commitment The model of commitment by OReilly and Chatman according to Herscovitch and Meyer (2001), was based on the theory that commitment signifies a frame of mind towards an organisation, and that there are different ways through which attitude can be cultivated. OReilly and Chatman (1986) argued that commitment takes three different forms, established on Kelmans work on attitude and behaviour change. The three commitment forms are as follows: Compliance Commitment, which is the instrumental involvement for specific extrinsic rewards. Identification commitment, which involves attachment based on a desired for affiliation with the organisation Internalisation commitment which involves envisaged on congruence between the individual and the organisational values. 2.6.4 Morrows model of commitment Morrow (1983) gives five different forms of organisational commitment. The forms of commitment are divided into two broad categories. The first category looks at commitment that impact work attitude with no association to organisation where one is working. These are Protestant work ethic (Mirels and Garret, 1971), Career commitment (Greenhaus, 1971) and Job commitment. The second category looks at commitment that are impacted by the organisation where one is working, these are continuance and affective organisational commitment (Allen and Meyers, 1993) 2.6.4a Protestant Work ETHIC (PWE) Protestant work ethic (PWE) according to Aaron Cohen (1999), determining factor are felt to be a principally a function of personality and secondarily a function of culture (Morrow, 1983). The character connection is based on the observation that ethical authorization with stable personality and demographic traits. Power work ethical is related to work experience variables or to work outcomes (Morrow, 1983). 2.6.4b Job Commitment Job commitment according to Aaron Cohen is a function of personality or individual difference and the work situation (Morrow, 1993). Thus demographic and work experiences are expected to relate to job involvement (Blau and Boal, 1989). 2.6.4c Career Commitment Blau(1985) suggest that the principal determinants in career commitment are; individual differences and situational characteristics. Therefore, for the demography variables, the same pattern of relationship is expected for career commitment with the job involvement. 2.6.4d Affective Commitment Affective organisational commitment was discovered to be related to a wide variety of literatures. Affective commitment is related to both demographic characteristics and work experience. (Mowday, Porter and Steers, 1982; Morrow, 1993) 2.6.4e Continuance Commitment Continuance commitment, which reflects the recognition of costs associated with leaving the organisation, should be related to anything that increases perceived costs. Direct or indirect investments in the organisation, side bets, represents such costs bets, represents such cost best, and were operationalized mainly by variables like age, education and tenure (Becker, 1960). Morrow (1983) posits that career commitment is linked to continuance and affective commitment to the organisation. Also continuance commitment to the organisation relates to affective commitment, both of these commitment influence job involvement. Morrow further argued that there is a reciprocal between the different levels of commitment. 2.6.5 Etzionis model of commitment The Etzionis model of commitment has three different forms, namely Moral commitment, Calculative commitment and Alternative commitment. 2.6.5a Moral Commitment Moral commitment is classified Etinios (1961) originate from a symbolic compliance structure which can epitomise one of the two affective commitment. Moral commitment is categorised by positive affective attachment and internalisation of organisational goals and values based on an agreement structure that stresses on material or symbolic reward, shared norms and personal dedication (Etzionis 1975; Penley and Gould, 1988) cited in Hornung (2010). Moral commitment is categorised by its identification with organisational goals (Patchen, 1970). Hall (1970) argued that moral commitment can be seen as a kind of organisational identification. To concur this, Wiener (1982) argued by presenting moral commitment as a form of affective organisational attachment commitment. He aligned it with the commitment work of Porter and his colleagues (Porter, Steers, Mowday Boulian, 1974; Steers 1977). Therefore, arguments such as Hall (1970), and Porter (1974) are presently intented to operationalize af fective scopes of commitment, similar to Etzionis (1961) moral involvement. 2.6.5b Calculative commitment The calculative commitment is established on employee getting incentives to their match contributions. According to Etzioni (1996), this type of attachment to the organisation as typical agreement systems based on exchange. It is theoretically embedded in the theory of Barnard (1938) and the theory of March and Simon (1958). Calculative commitment needs not to be decreased to willingness to keep organisational members. It may be seen in a wider terms of contributory attachment. The traditional perception of calculative commitment retention of organisational members may be more closely linked to the affective form of organisational commitment. 2.6.5b Alienative commitment The alienative commitment is characterised by a negative form of attachment in light of being forced to a course of action by environmental pressure, experienced loss of control and lack of alternative (Hornung, 2010). According to Etzioni (1975), alienative commitment is emblematic of a prison which a force compliance system is prevalent. Alienative commitment can be regarded as a foundation for organisational commitment if one thinks of organisational members commitment to the organisation as a result of lack of control over the internal organisational environment and recognised absence of substitutes for organisational commitment (Etzioni, 1961) The word alienation was acquired from Karl Max who gave alienation its classic meaning, a lack of control. To the alienative committed employee, rewards and punishment may be seen accidental instead of lack of alternatives for organisational commitment (Etzioni, 1961). The worker may see the random 2.6.6 Allen and Meyers model of commitment However, Allen and Meyer (1991) also give three forms of organisational commitment has made the biggest contribution to organisational commitment literature. Their three models will be chosen because it has gone through a wide empirical evaluation to date. Allen and Meyers argued the belief that commitment binds people to an organisation, thus decrease the probability of turnover. The main alteration is in the mind-sets assumed to categorise the commitment. These reproduced the three different types of commitment: 2.6.6a Affective Commitment Affective Commitment is the employee emotional attachment and identification to the organisation. Affective commitment is also the individuals emotional connection to, acknowledgment with and partaking in the organisation, (Allen and Meyer, 1997). Employees who are affectively committed to the organisation will possibly continue working for it for the reason that they want to (Allen and Meyer, 1991). Employees who are dedicated at an emotional l

Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide :: essays research papers

Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide Kurt Cobain was citied in the Seattle area with a shotgun. Days later on the fifth of April, Kurt Cobain went into the small room above his garage in his Seattle home and ended it all. Fans across the world were stunned by the news of Kurt Cobain’s sudden and shocking suicide. Kurt was the leader of the multiplatinum grunge band Nirvana, and was widely hailed as the â€Å" John Lennon of his generation.† He was a gifted song writer and erratic performer. However, Cobain's name was presented at times with disillusionment and unhappiness. Kurt had spoken, written lyrics, and even sung in his songs about suicide. Yet, one question could almost be echoed around the world – Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cobain' s fans struggled with the huge loss of their â€Å" poet of pain.† It was as though they had lost a close friend. They felt that Kurt was an artist who could read their minds, knew their problems, and spoke their language. No one seemed to understand why at the height of his popularity a twenty-seven year old rock sat would put a twenty-two gauge shotgun in his mouth and pull the trigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media attacked the incident. Every type of media from MTV to the entire local Newspapers spoke something of Kurt Cobain’s suicide. Some blamed the suicide on his unhappy childhood and how he was a Ritalin child. While others blamed it on his drug addiction that he had spent all of his young life trying to relieve himself from. But why the reasoning for the unpredictable suicide, Cobain left behind millions of fans asking why he’s gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why? Most people who commit suicide do so for personal reasons, such as despair, fears of the future, fears of failure or of not being loved. Society plays a huge part in a lot of suicides. As society becomes more complex a person’s stress level rises which follows loneliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the initial shock came the inevitable soul searching for those closets to him- what more should or could we have done? Cobain left behind a fairly new family. He had recently married Courtney Love, the leader of the grunge band Hole, in 1992. Later in 1993 they conceived a baby girl together, Frances Bean which was about two years old at the time of Kurt’s death. Some say that Courtney did not grieve but there is no way possible that she didn’t, because of the fact that they reached stardom together as Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide :: essays research papers Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide Kurt Cobain was citied in the Seattle area with a shotgun. Days later on the fifth of April, Kurt Cobain went into the small room above his garage in his Seattle home and ended it all. Fans across the world were stunned by the news of Kurt Cobain’s sudden and shocking suicide. Kurt was the leader of the multiplatinum grunge band Nirvana, and was widely hailed as the â€Å" John Lennon of his generation.† He was a gifted song writer and erratic performer. However, Cobain's name was presented at times with disillusionment and unhappiness. Kurt had spoken, written lyrics, and even sung in his songs about suicide. Yet, one question could almost be echoed around the world – Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cobain' s fans struggled with the huge loss of their â€Å" poet of pain.† It was as though they had lost a close friend. They felt that Kurt was an artist who could read their minds, knew their problems, and spoke their language. No one seemed to understand why at the height of his popularity a twenty-seven year old rock sat would put a twenty-two gauge shotgun in his mouth and pull the trigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media attacked the incident. Every type of media from MTV to the entire local Newspapers spoke something of Kurt Cobain’s suicide. Some blamed the suicide on his unhappy childhood and how he was a Ritalin child. While others blamed it on his drug addiction that he had spent all of his young life trying to relieve himself from. But why the reasoning for the unpredictable suicide, Cobain left behind millions of fans asking why he’s gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why? Most people who commit suicide do so for personal reasons, such as despair, fears of the future, fears of failure or of not being loved. Society plays a huge part in a lot of suicides. As society becomes more complex a person’s stress level rises which follows loneliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the initial shock came the inevitable soul searching for those closets to him- what more should or could we have done? Cobain left behind a fairly new family. He had recently married Courtney Love, the leader of the grunge band Hole, in 1992. Later in 1993 they conceived a baby girl together, Frances Bean which was about two years old at the time of Kurt’s death. Some say that Courtney did not grieve but there is no way possible that she didn’t, because of the fact that they reached stardom together as

The Federal Government and Medicinal Marijuana :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The American Medical Association's Council on Scientific Affairs should be commended for its report, "Marijuana: Its HealthHazards and Therapeutic Potential." Not only does the report outline evidence of marijuana's potential harms, but it distinguishes this concern from the legitimate issue of marijuana's important medical benefits. All too often the hysteria that attends public debate over marijuana's social abuse compromises a clear appreciation for this critical distinction. Since 1978, 32 states have abandoned the federal prohibition to recognize legislatively marijuana's important medical properties. Federal law, however, continues to define marijuana as a drug "with no accepted medical use," and federal agencies continue to prohibit physician-patient access to marijuana. This outdated federal prohibition is corrupting the intent of the state laws and depriving thousands of glaucoma and cancer patients of the medical care promised them by their state legislatures. This is an excerpt from a letter written in 1982 to the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Its author was a citizen concerned about the complete lack of rationality exhibited time and time again in the Federal Government's attempts to justify its ban on the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. It was no burnt-out ex-hippie who penned the letter. The concerned citizen was none other than the current Speaker of the House of Representatives, Newt Gingrich. He was co-sponsoring a bill intended to end the Federal prohibition on marijuana as medicine. He has since abandoned support for such initiatives and begun to deal in the sort of hypocrisy and misinformation that is typical of the federal government's policy toward medicinal marijuana. Gingrich's bill failed despite overwhelming support from both the public and the facts. Legislators, pandering to a vocal minority, struck it down. Fourteen years later, the silent majority spoke. In a move that must have had Nixon spinning in his gr ave, the silent majority, it turns out, supports this drug use. In the Fall of 1996, two states passed referendums legalizing marijuana. Both California's "Compassionate Use Act" and Arizona's "Drug Medicalization, Prevention and Control Act" passed wit h convincing margins despite well-funded opposition. Support for medical marijuana extends far beyond the traditionally libertarian Southwest. A recent survey of the American public by the American Civil Liberties Union showed that 85% of the American p ublic favors making marijuana legally available to the seriously ill. Unwilling to let the people have the final say, the Clinton Administration quickly moved to impose a de facto veto on these referendums.

The Grapes of Wrath- Symbolism Essay

Symbolism Symbols are often used to represent bigger ideas and concepts in a novel. In The Grapes of Wrath, there are many symbols to represent the lives of not only the Jode family but the migrants as a whole. Steinbeck uses the symbols of the dust and the turtle to show the struggles of the migrants and how they overcame all odds, revealing the only hope the migrants had to survive the harsh trek cross country was perseverance. The dust is the first significant symbol Steinbeck uses to represent the migrants and their struggles. As the dust filled the air in Oklahoma, families watched their lives settle to nothing along with the dust, â€Å"The men were silent and they did not move often. And the women came out of the houses to stand beside their men– to feel whether this time the men would break† (3). The dust is symbolic of the migrant’s lives eroding to nothing. It represents not only mother natures roll in the horrible tragedy of the crumbling families, but also represents the banks and large plantations that took over the small and venerable families and farms just like the dust engulfed their homes. Though the migrants went through so much with losing their farms, homes, and lives, they still stood strong and found a way to keep moving forward, â€Å"After a while the faces of the watching men lost their bemused perplexity and became hard and angry and resistant† (3). The migrant families overcame their struggles with the dust over taking their homes along with all of the other struggles they faced, and they moved west for a new life. On their journey west, the migrants faced many challenging obstacles that they had to persevere through. Steinbeck uses the symbolism of the turtle to represent the stubborn migrants fighting their way west, â€Å"And over the grass at the roadside a land turtle crawled, turning aside for nothing, dragging his high-domed shell over the grass† (14). The turtle was set back by both nature and man on his journey across the road, just like the migrants were on their long trek westward. The turtle faced a red ant, barely escaped death by a car twice, and had to struggle with rough terrain along with flipping himself upright after being flipped over by the front wheel of a ruck. Like the migrants overcoming sickness, death, car problems, money shortage, unfair merchants, and lack of work, the turtle also overcame all of his challenges and setbacks and continued to persevere on his path, â€Å"Its front foot caught a piece of quartz and little by little the shell pulled over and flopped upright†¦ The turtle entered a dust road and jerked itself along, drawing a wavy shallow trench in the dust with its shell. The old humorous eyes looked ahead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (15). Even though the turtle had several setbacks, he still held his head high and looked forward down the path he was traveling, never forgetting where he was going just like the migrants. The dust and the turtle symbolize the journey of the migrants starting from the moment they were kicked out of their homes. The turtle is a better representation of how hard the migrants fought to reach their final destination, just to find they had to fight to live one day at a time. The dust is the best symbol Steinbeck uses to represent the bigger farms and natures roll in the future of the migrants. However both symbols represent the bigger picture, the perseverance the migrants had to use to survive each day on their journey, and each hour once they reached their overpopulated destination of California.

Answer: Ohio Art Company’s Decision Essay

Most of you did well on questions 3 and 4, so here I post only sample answers to questions 1(a) & (b) and 2: 1(a) & 1(b): Question on whether moving production to China is ethical; Question on the economic and social costs and benefits of such a move. Sample Answer (A) Note: this student earned high grades for looking at the issue from multiple perspectives, for looking at the benefits and costs to all major stakeholders, and for acknowledging that moving productions overseas is a controversial topic. Excellent use of facts to support his/her claim. 1. Whether or not Ohio Art Company’s decision to shift production offshore was ethically wrong is a controversial topic. In strictly business terms, Ohio Art Company (OAC) did not break any laws or perform an illicit act; OAC’s decision to offshore was one that had few other options – if the company did not find ways to lower production costs, the company would have eventually gone bankrupt. If production had not been moved, OAC would have been unable to lower production costs, and would therefore be unable to generate enough profits to continue business. Either way, OAC employees would have suffered job losses. Furthermore, OAC’s decision benefited shareholders, which is one element of judging an ethical decision; there are no standards that prohibit off shoring. However, OAC’s obligations to its employees are something that must be considered as well. The company, which is perceived as a family, should not just abandon its employees; it this sense , the company holds moral obligations and employment practices which complicate the question of whether outsourcing is ethical. Sample Answer (B) Note: This student combined 1(a) and 1(b) but made it perfectly clear. Again, the student considered the question of ethics from multiple perspectives, and weighed the benefits and costs to various stakeholders and clearly defined what standards (s)he adopted. 1. The question asked is the one about social responsibilities of corporations. Nevertheless, before making an ethical judgement, one has to look at the decision from at least three perspectives: economic, social and macro-level. On the one hand, it is possible to enumerate a lot of economic benefits for both the US and China. American consumers gained lower prices (an increase in wealth) and poor Chinese villagers were able to move from the impoverished countryside and start a new life in cities[1]. Furthermore, Ohia Art did not go bankrupt, which means that the company and its owners are still a source of revenue for the federal and state government. As to social costs (here the social responsibility of an employer comes into discussion), the closing of a factory resulted in the collapse of the local community. Furthermore, 100 workers lost their jobs and this number is big if we take into account that Bryan has only 8,000 inhabitants. Such a conduct of a company can be considered a violation of ethical obligations springing from the position of the company. Nevertheless, the company did not make any abrupt changes. Moving out of Bryan was gradual and most workers were probably able to find new jobs[2]. Moreover, even though the company does have social obligations, the Friedman Doctrine is at least partly relevant: a company has to seek profits in order to survive. Summing up, in order for the decision to be ethical, the company should seek profits, but also minimise social and this is what Ohio Art surely did. Question 2: Whether it is ethical for Ohio Art to continue employing Kinki Answer A Note: This student acknowledges that there are many ethical standards, not all of which lead to the same conclusion. S(he) clearly shows how the same set of facts can lead to divergent conclusions. This issue can be analysed from multiple perspectives. From the cultural relativist point of view, the fact that the Chinese authorities turn a blind eye to such practices means that the company should do the same. According to the righteous moralist perspective, the company should desist cooperating because doing so would be applying double standards. The proponents of the naà ¯ve immoralist views would claim that since the Chinese businessmen have problems with property rights or keeping the RMB undervalued, western employers should not comply with ethical standards in China. Nevertheless, since the view that human rights are undeniable rights of every human being is now widespread (judging on the number of NGOs and governments supporting such a view), it seems to be reasonable to assume that human rights are a benchmark of what constitutes business ethics. From this follows that the Ohio Art should desist cooperating with Kin Ki, because the contractor violates basic rights of th e workers as enshrined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (e.g. the right to just and favourable remuneration). Answer B Note: Very thoughtful analysis that considers the different economic situations in different countries. Assuming that the dismal working conditions of Kin Ki employees is true, it seems unethical for Ohio Art Company to continue manufacturing with Kin Ki. Again the clear line between what is ethical and acceptable is hazy. However, Ohio Art Company secured a contract on the grounds that employment practices were acceptable, and human rights were enforced. The living conditions of Kin Ki employees are far from decent living conditions – employees are exploited, work long hours, paid below standard requirement, and live in impoverished conditions. It also seems as if labor unions are implicitly forbidden (though not formally stated). The question of â€Å"how much divergence is acceptable† between living conditions between the U.S and China still exists, however, it seems that basic human living conditions are being denied at Kin Ki. ———————– [1] In general, outsourcing seems to be a general trend of globalisation. The division of labour is one of the greatest inventions of humanity and now it is rapidly spreading into the international area. As the Ricardian model of trade predicts, the division of labour will benefit all sides in the long term [2] The other question is whether the company should provide their employees with a training so that they can find new jobs, or whether training programmes should be financed by the state as in a Dutch-Danish flexicurity model. I would say that a company having financial problems (which is the reason for outsourcing) should not be forced to incur further costs.