Foam Cutter

Chapter I The Problem – Its BackgroundOur environment today is experiencing a lot of superfluous phenomena like floods, earthquakes and other incidents and pollution is the root of all of these incidents. Serving the environment would be a big help to Mother Earth. The researchers decided to make junk into a new and useful thing that may be used by students and that may be a progress in our economy. Plastic is one of our society’s main problems for it is hard to decompose; it takes years to decompose a single plastic bag.Plastics are one of the reasons why we experience flood for the reason that they block the water that passes the inland waterway that makes the water level go up rather making it go down. Plastic can be useful but it is also harmful to our environment. Using plastics correctly would be a great help. The principle is quite simple; there is a strong electric current in a thin resistive wire. The wire under the effect of current and heat cut easily and cle anly Styrofoam, much better than with a knife or a cutter, particularly for large pieces.Styrofoam is also a plastic and it is a light, expanded polystyrene plastic. Styrofoam is a very versatile material used in many hobby applications ranging from remote-control airplanes to home remodeling. Like other plastics it takes years to decompose Styrofoam, a reason why we should use it efficiently and correctly. Styrofoam is an important part of the modern economy. It's a very versatile product, used for cups, plates, and even some interior decorating items. Another very popular use is that of packing material. Packing Styrofoam comes in either loose form, or as â€Å"peanuts. As consumers, we use this product every day. However, it has many other uses besides those for household decorating or shipping. Styrofoam has a very low melting temperature that is why the researchers decided to melt the Styrofoam rather than cutting it. It can also be used to cut plastic or synthetic foam.A guit ar string has a number of frequencies at which it will naturally vibrate. These natural frequencies are known as the harmonics of the guitar string. Guitar string can be made of Bronze Wound the most common guitar string, the Phosphor Bronze Wound is a bronze string with phosphor added to he alloy, Silk & Steel  is a special design string where the unwrapped strings are plain steel and the wrapped strings have a thin steel core surrounded by many nylon filaments and then wrapped with silver plated brass windings, Nickel Plated  a string consists of nickel plated steel wraps around a steel core, Pure Nickel  a string consists of nickel wraps around a steel core. Due to the pure nickel content and Stainless Steel  is defined as a  steel  alloy  with a minimum of 10. 5  or 11%  chromium  content by mass.The researchers decided to make a research/experiment that would help the environment by maximizing the use of their resources and by making recycled materials u seful. Another reason why the researchers chose this experiment was so that they may help provide new business opportunities in the industry of Styrofoam carving/modeling. Statement of the Problem The researchers aimed to study if it is possible to make Styrofoam cutter made of guitar sting and other recycled materials. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:1. What are the materials that can be used in making a Styrofoam cutter?2.Does the product function properly?3. How will the finished product made or guitar string and other recyclable materials be effective in terms of being a Styrofoam cutter :3. 1 Quality and  effectiveness4. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of the product over the other cutting materials?5. How could this product make a change in the society?Statement of Hypotheses Sub – Problems| Null hypotheses| Alternative hypotheses1. Would the materials be eco friendly?1. The materials that are needed are harmful to our e nvironment.1. The materials needed are recyclable materials and Eco friendly.2. Would the experiment be functional?2. It would not bring any help and it would be just a waste of time.2. The experiment would serve it’s propose why it is done.3. Would the researcher accomplish the experiment?3. It won’t work for the researcher lacks experience and knowledge.3. The experiment will work for the researchers persevere a lot and guidance of the researchers reviews.4. Would the researcher meet all the needed requirements? |4. It would be hard for the researchers to find some of the materials and tools needed to make the machine.4. The researcher will make ways to continue the experiment and finish the product with a good quality.5. Would the experiment provide innovation in our technology?5. The experiment will not be an innovative one.5. The experiment will provide a new technological development.6. Would the experiment be a successful one?6. The researchers would fail in the ir experiment for the product would not work.6. The researchers would succeed in creating their product as a useful material for cutting Styrofoam.Scope and LimitationThis study is limited in making an effective Styrofoam cutter made of guitar and other recycled materials that can be found at home. Guitar string will be the main material used in making the Styrofoam cutter. This study must be conducted within ten (10) months period. This study is limited on how far the researcher can go. This study aimed to provide a new innovation in the industry of Styrofoam carving. This study would look for ways to make waste into a useful object that will be a help in improving our quality of life, which can help in making life easier and in making things go faster.It is an innovation, an improvement and the researchers chose this topic to help improve life and not to make people lazy. It is just on how the users utilize the machine. Significance of the Study This study aimed to produce a Styro foam cutter made of guitar strings and other recycled materials. This study would provide a great innovation in the industry of Styrofoam craving. It would help in cutting, craving and shaping Styrofoam in a faster and easier way. It can also help in preventing too much waste from carving Styrofoam for this machine can cut Styrofoam efficiently.This study would provide another development in our municipality for it can help in providing employment for housewives or skilled craftsmen for extra income, for this machine could be done at home and with recycled materials. This machine can create simple craft that can be traded to other country. That can promote our economy and our country.Definition of Terms1. Carving  foam – is a foam product which is designed to be worked by carving. A wide variety of foams can be used for  carving, including urethane foam, expended polystyrene foam and polyusocyanurate foam.2. Conductor –  is a material which contains movable  el ectric charges. In metallic  conductors such as  copper  or  aluminum, the movable charged particles are  electrons.3. Decomposition  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ is the process by which organic material is broken down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the  biome. The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as  taphonomy  from the  Greek  word  taphos, meaning tomb.4. Dimmers – devices used to vary the brightness of a  light. By decreasing or increasing the  RMS  voltage. Although variable-voltage devices are used for various purposes, the term dimmer is generally reserved for those intended to control  resistive  incandescent,  halogen  and more recently  compact fluorescent  lighting.5. Environmentally friendly  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ is also known as   eco-friendly,  nature friendly, and  green are terms used to refer to  goods and services,  laws, guidelines and policies claimed to inflict minimal or no harm on the  environment.6. Fuse  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a type of low resistance  resistor  that acts as a sacrificial  to provide  over current protection, of either the load or source circuit. It’s essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the  circuit  in which it is connected.7. Guitar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a plucked string instrument usually played with fingers or a  pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Some modern guitars are made of  polycarbonate  materials.8. Heat transfer –  is a discipline of  thermal engineering  that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of  thermal energy  and  heat  between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as  heat conduction,  convection,  thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.9. Hotwire foam cutter – is a tool used to cut  polystyrene  foam and similar materials. The device consists of a thin, taut metal wire, often made of  nichrome  or  stainless steel, or a thicker wire preformed into a desired shape, which is heated via  electrical resistance  to approximately 200 °C. As the wire is passed through the material to be cut, the heat from the wire vaporizes the material just in advance of contact.10. Lead – an electrical connection consisting of a length of  wire  or soldering pad that comes from a device. Leads are used for physical support, to transfer power, to probe  circuits, and to transmit information.11. Plastic – are typically  organic  polymers  of high  molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually sy nthetic, most commonly derived from  petrochemicals, but many are partially natural. Plastic materials are any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic  organic  solids that are moldable.12. Polystyrene – also known as Thermocole. It is an  aromatic  polymer  made from the  monomer  styrene, a liquid  hydrocarbon  that is manufactured from  petroleum  by the  chemical industry. It is also a thermoplastic substance, which is in solid state at room temperature, but flows if heated above its  glass transition temperature  of about 100  °C, and becomes solid again when cooled. Pure solid polystyrene is a colorless, hard plastic with limited flexibility. It can be cast into molds with fine detail.13. String  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ is the  vibrating element  that produces sound in  string instruments, such as the  guitar,  harp,  piano, and members of the  violin family. Strings are lengths of a flexible material kept under  tension  so t hat they may vibrate freely, but controllably.14. Styrofoam  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a trademark of  The Dow Chemical Company  for closed-cell  extruded polystyrene foam  currently made for  thermal insulation  and craft applications. In 1941, researchers in Dow's Chemical Physics Lab found a way to make foamed polystyrene. Led by  Ray McIntire, they â€Å"rediscovered† a method first discovered by Swedish  inventor  Carl Georg Munters. Dow acquired exclusive rights to use Munters' patents and found ways to make large quantities of extruded polystyrene as closed cell foam that resists moisture.15. Switch –  is an  electrical component  that can break an  electrical circuit, interrupting the  current  or diverting it from one conductor to another.16. Temperature – is a  physical property  of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot  and  cold.17. Transformer  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a device that transfers  electrical energy  from one  circuit  to another through  inductively coupled  conductors—the transformer's coils.18. Vinyl Polymer –  are a group of  polymers  derived from  vinyl  monomers. Their backbone is an extended alkane chain, made by polymerizing an alkenes  group (C=C) into a chain (.. -C-C-C-C-.. )19. Voltage – the difference in  electric potential  between two points — or the difference in  electric potential energy  per unit  charge  between two points. A voltage may represent either a source of energy, or it may represent lost or stored energy.20. Wire  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ is a single, usually  cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical  loads  and to carry  electricity  and  telecommunications signals.Wire is commonly formed by  drawing  the metal through a hole in a  die  or  draw plate.Chapter II Review of Related Literature and StudiesIn Chapter I, the researchers were tryi ng to find the problem, looking for more sources about it and trying to find ways to solve the stated problem. In this Chapter, the researchers find sources for their research. The researchers found some related information about hot wires or Styrofoam cutters that will be their guide for the research. Foreign There are many ways of cutting Styrofoam and the researcher has chosen use guitar string or hotwires.Hotwire cutters can be used in cutting any hard plastic or Vinyl polymer and it also has many uses for it is not just for cutting but also for shaping, molding, craving and even for commercial uses. And according to a website hot wire cutter are defined as: Hot wire cutters are used for cutting polystyrene foam types of Styrofoam, or upholstery foam into a variety of shapes and sizes for a wide variety of commercial and happy application. Hotwire foam cutters are usually made of metals. Metals are known for being a good conductor of heat and electricity and that is why it can b e a good aterial to be used in making a hot wire foam cutter. Hot-wire foam cutter  is a tool used to cut  polystyrene  foam and similar materials. The device consists of a thin, taut metal wire, often made of  nichrome  or  stainless steel, or a thicker wire preformed into a desired shape, which is heated via  electrical resistance  to approximately 200 °C. As the wire is passed through the material to be cut, the heat from the wire vaporizes the material just in advance of contact. The researchers chose guitar string as the main substance in creating a foam cutter made out of recycled materials.A usual guitar string is made of steel which makes it a heat conducting metal; a factor why the researchers chose it for it fits to be the special wire in this apparatus. Moreover, guitar strings are also cheap; resource oriented, and can be found at home. These are the reasons why the researchers picked steel guitar string as the special wire. Metals are much better therm al conductors than non-metals because the same mobile electrons which participate in the electrical conduction also take part in the transfer of heat.Hot wire cutters can create a simple Styrofoam in different useful crafts. It can make cash out of junks. It is used by different professionals like Architects, artists, designers, and many more. It can also provide occupation or source of income. It can promote our country’s economy. Local Our countrymen are well known as skilled craftsmen and very creative people; as the saying goes, Filipinos can make junk as useful things. So, the researchers decided to help our countrymen by creating a Styrofoam cutter made of recycled materials.It can lessen the waste in carving Styrofoam. Styrofoam is made of plastic that can damage our environment; a reason why some organizations recommended to stop using Styrofoam for commercial uses. It is said that Styrofoam is just an additional waste problem for our country. It was said in a new art icle: It shouldn’t take much convincing to Say NO to Styrofoam, but there’s so much of it! We are almost as addicted to Styrofoam as we are to oil. And majority of the Styrofoam made ends up in the landfill.The answer to this problem is the proper usage of Styrofoam and having the ight equipment in cutting Styrofoam to lessen the waste or mistakes that can be done. Lastly, caring and having full responsibility of our environment. Man draws almost endless benefits from great gifts of technology like styrene. What it calls for in return is simple: proper use and responsible disposal. With the current waste segregation scheme implemented by the local government, it falls to consumers to play their part in ensuring that their various garbage, particularly polystyrene and plastic, are segregated and undergo the proper recycling process, acquiring yet a whole new range of useful by-products.Review of Related Studies Foreign A flexible automated foam cutting system M. Jouaneh , A. Hammad  and P. Datseris Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, U. S. A. Abstract: Direct cutting of foam has the advantage of greater flexibility and reduced lead time over molding. This paper discusses the design and development of a flexible automated system for foam cutting that utilizes hot-wire cutters. The cutters are moved through the use of a five-axis gantry-type robot system equipped with a tool turret.A method for modeling the cut geometry, based on representing the three-dimensional cut shape as a combination of basic geometrical block shapes, is presented. This method gives the system flexibility to handle different work piece geometries. A technique for generating the required cutting paths from the modeled geometry is also shown. The developed methodology was applied for the cutting of automotive seat cushions. The results show that the automated system significantly reduces the cutting time and produces cuts of im proved quality. ttp://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0890695596000223 Plastic Foam Cutting Mechanics for Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Purposes by: Hadley Brooks Abstract: Development of foam cutting machines for rapid prototyping and manufacturing purposes began shortly after the first additive manufacturing machines became commercialized in the late 1980s. Increased computer power, the development and adoption of CAD/CAM software and rising demand for customization has caused the rapid prototyping industry to grow swiftly in recent decades.While conventional rapid prototyping technologies are continuing to improve in speed and accuracy the ability to produce large (> 1mA? ) prototypes, moulds or parts it is still expensive, time consuming and often impossible. Foam cutting rapid prototyping and manufacturing machines are ideally suited to fulfill this niche because of their high speed, large working volumes and inexpensive working materials. Few foam cutting rapid prototyping machines have been commercialized to-date leaving significant opportunities for research and development in this area.Thermal plastic foam cutting is the material removal process most commonly used in foam cutting rapid prototyping to shape or sculpt the plastic foam into desired shapes and sizes. The process is achieved by introducing a heat source (generally a wire or ribbon) which alters the physical properties of the plastic foam and allows low cutting forces to be achieved. In thermal plastic foam cutting the heat source is generated via Joule (electrical) heating. This study investigates the plastic foam cutting process using experimental cutting trials and finite element analysis.The first part of this thesis presents an introduction to conventional foam cutting machines and rapid prototyping machines. It is suggested that a market opportunity lies out of reach of both of these groups of machines. By combining attributes from each, foam cutting rapid protot yping machines can be developed to fill the gap. The second part of this thesis introduces the state-of-the-art in foam cutting rapid prototyping and investigates previous research into plastic foam cutting mechanics. The third part of this thesis describes cutting trials used to determine important factors which influence plastic foam cutting.Collectively over 800 individual cutting tests were made. The cutting trials included two main material sets, expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene, three different wire diameters, two hot-ribbon configurations and a wide range of feed rates and power inputs. For each cut the cutting force, wire temperature and kerfs width was measured as well as observations of the surface texture. The data was then analyzed and empirical relationships were identified. An excel spreadsheet is established which allows the calculation of important outcomes, such as kerf width, based on chosen inputs.Quantitative measurements of the surface roughness and form, of cuts made with hot-tools, will not be addressed in this thesis. This body of work is currently under investigation by a colleague within the FAST group. The fourth part of this thesis describes the formation of a nonlinear transient two-dimensional heat transfer finite element model, which is developed for plastic foam cutting simulations. The conclusion is that the cutting trials contributed to a better understanding of plastic foam cutting mechanics.A new parameter was identified called the mass specific effective heat input, which is a function of the foam material and the cutting tool, it allows the prediction of cutting conditions with given cutting parameters and hence provides the necessary relationships needed for adaptive automated foam sculpting. Simulation results were validated by comparison with experimental data and provide a strong base for further developments including optimization processes with adaptive control for kerf width (cut error) minimization.Thi s study has added considerably to the pool of knowledge for foam cutting with a hot-tool. In general, much of the work reported herein has not been previously published. This work provides the most advanced study of foam sculpting work available to date. http://ir. canterbury. ac. nz/bitstream/10092/4291/3/Thesis_fulltext. pdf. txt Cutting apparatus for plastic foam solids or the like Abstract: A cutting apparatus for plastic foam solids or the like which comprises a cutting wire system having a plurality of cutting wires attached ubstantially perpendicularly between two substantially parallel supporting rods spaced from each other so that a piece of plastic foam solid to be cut can be passed through the cutting wires between the supporting rods, and an oscillating drive engaged with the supporting rods so as to oscillate rotatably the supporting rods in opposing rotational directions and therefore to oscillate the wires to and fro lengthwise. The cutting wires are spaced from each other in either of two cutting wire positions lengthwise along the supporting rods.The cutting wires are attached eccentrically to the outer periphery of the supporting rods, each of the cutting wires which are each in a different one of the cutting wire positions lying in planes parallel to the supporting rods and each of the cutting wires in the same cutting wire position lying in the same plane. Each of the cutting wires in the different cutting wire positions is guided to and attached to opposite outer peripheral sides of each of the supporting rods so that the planes formed by the cutting wires of each of the different cutting wire positions cross each other at an acute angle.Preferably the cutting wires are heat able electrically and attached to the supporting rods by way of coil springs. http://www. patentstorm. us/patents/4608893. html A study on the influence of the sloped cutting angle on kerfwidth and part quality in the hotwire cutting of EPS foam for the VLM-Srapid prot otyping process Abstract: The VLM-S rapid prototyping process employs hotwire cutting of an EPS foam sheet using a four-axis synchronized automatic hotwire cutter. The dimensional accuracy and the quality of the cut part are highly dependent on cutting parameters such as effective heat input, and cutting angle, etc.The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of cutting angle on the kerfs width and the part quality in hotwire cutting of EPS foam for the case of the sloped cutting including single-sloped cutting with one cutting angle and generally sloped cutting with two cutting angles. Experiments are carried out to obtain the relationship between kerfwidth and effective heat input for each cutting angle, and to find the relationship between the melted area and the cutting angle for each effective heat input.In order to investigate the influence of cutting angle on temperature distribution in EPS foam, transient heat transfer analysis using the sloped heat flux model and the conformed mesh structure is carried out. Through comparison of the results of the experiment and the transient heat transfer analysis, it has been shown that the sloped heat flux with an elliptical cross-section and the conformed mesh structure are needed to estimate the three-dimensional temperature distribution in the EPS foam in the sloped hotwire cutting. http://www. ciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0890695503001706 Polymer–cement composite based on recycled expanded polystyrene foam waste Abstract: A new polymer–cement composite based on a recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) resin has been developed as an effective method for EPS foam wastes management. The liquefied polymer is prepared by dissolving the foam waste in acetone, then in toluene at the ratio 113:2:1 per volume, respectively. The composite is made by incorporating the resulting resin into cement-paste at selected water: cement ratios.At the end of defined curing periods, the physical, m echanical, and thermal characterizations of the obtained composite were evaluated under variable factors e. g. , Acetone: toluene ratio, water: cement ratio (w/c), curing periods. Compressive strength, apparent porosity, bulk density, and specific gravity were determined for the composite under the various stated conditions. FT-IR, XRD, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed for the hard blocks to study the effect of the added recycled EPS resin on the microstructure of the end products.Based on the data so far obtained it can be concluded that the candidate dissolution process of EPS foam wastes is an easily environmental friendly technique that allows afterward using the resultant resin for producing an added value, low cost, promising market competitive, and multipurpose light weight cement composite. http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1002/pc. 21171/abstract Short-hot-wire method for the measurement of total hemispherical emissivity of a fi ne fibre Seiji Fujiwara, Xing Zhang, Motoo Fujii Received 20 December 1999 Abstract:A new short-hot-wire method for the measurement of total hemispherical emissivity of a fine fibre is proposed. This method uses two short hot wires and is based on the analytical solution of one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction along the hot wires and fibre. Two hot wires are arranged parallel to each other. Both the hot wires are supplied with a constant direct current to generate heat and maintain the same average temperature. A test fibre bridges the wires and its ends are attached to the centre position of each hot wire to form an H-type probe.By the use of this two hot wires technique, the total heat transmitted from the hot wires to the fibre is completely radiated from the fibre to the surroundings under vacuum conditions. Therefore, the average temperature rise of the hot wire depends on the emissivity of a fibre. The steady-state heat conduction for the H-type probe is analytically s olved to obtain the accurate relationship between the temperature rise of the hot wires and the fibre emissivity. Based on this relationship, the emissivity of the fibre can be estimated when the average temperature and the heat rate of the hot wires with known thermal properties are measured.The theoretical analysis has confirmed that the present method can obtain emissivity in the range of 0. 1 – 1. 0 within an error of  ±1% for the fibre with its diameter around 10 ? m. http://www. perceptionweb. com/abstract. cgi? id=htwu375 Synthesis: Styrofoam is of the most used polymer product. It is often used in architecture, carving and alike. There are many ways to cut Styrofoam, like using blades or cutter, also by the help of laser and also by using hot wires. There are many ways to create a Styrofoam cutter or better known as hot wire. And it is also sold in the market.A hot wire is not only for Styrofoam but it can also use for cutting plastics and other polymer substance. F or heat can divide polymer materials better than blades. Heating metals/wires can create a physical or chemical change to an object or it can also make a new product. While the electricity that would run in the wire would be the source of heat of the heated wire. Hot wire is a process of heating metals or wire in order to burn or cut an object. Using hot wire as an instrument of cutting may be complex but faster and more accurate than using blades.Styrofoam is a polymer product that takes time to decay. It is said in that the ratio of toluene is 113:2:1 per volume. It takes time of a small piece of Styrofoam to decay, a reason that Styrofoam should be used properly and should not be wasted. Styrofoam is one of pollutant that affects our environment a lot. Local Hot-wire parallel technique: A new method for simultaneous determination of thermal properties of polymers Abstract: The hot-wire parallel technique standardized for determining the thermal conductivity of ceramic materials w as employed in the determination of the thermal properties of polymers.For these materials, additional care must be taken considering the low melting point of polymers, when compared with that for ceramic materials. Samples can be prepared either in the shape of bricks or in the shape of half-cylinders. The thermal conductivity and the specific heat were simultaneously determined from the same experimental thermal transient, and the thermal diffusivity is derived from these properties. Five different polymers with different structures at room temperature were selected, and measurements were carried out from room temperature to approximately the maximum service operating temperature.A nonlinear least-squares fitting method was employed in the calculations, so that all the experimental points obtained are considered in the thermal properties' calculations. The apparatus used in this work is fully automatic. The reproducibility is very good with respect to the thermal conductivity, eve n with a defective experimental arrangement with respect to the theoretical model. However, deviations from the theoretical model have a severe influence on the specific heat values and, consequently, on the thermal diffusivity.Experimental results were compared with those available in the literature, showing the applicability of this technique for the determination of thermal properties of polymers.  © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1779–1786, 2002 http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1002/app. 10681/abstract Abstract: The hot-wire calibration method as proposed by Cimbala and Park (1990) has been showen to be accurate within a temperature range of 20–45 °C. This is a significant extension of the range used by Cimbala and Park (27. 5– 34. 5 °C). The accuracy of the calibration is not affected by the ambient temperature.The calibration curve obtained seems to hold over a long period of time, thus reducing the need for frequent calibr ations. Due to contamination the accuracy eventually decreases and the probe has to be re-calibrated. http://www. springerlink. com/content/r774213w086k2572/ Paper, Rice Hull and Polystyrene Foam Blocks John Gil E. Jimena, Jonathan Lloyd N. Lunsayan, Franco C. Flores Abstract: Nowadays, people in the construction industry here in the Philippines and abroad can always attest to the rising prices of the construction commodities in the market, not to mention the equally increasing cost of labor.This economic scenario is indeed an offshoot of the worsening global crisis that both highly developed and developing countries are experiencing. http://ejournals. ph/index. php? journal=CUEJ Synthesis: Styrofoam as we know can affect our environment. We cannot just let our environment ruined by these styrofoam,m the styrofoam cutter decreases the damage in our environment, the right temperature should be followed because if the wire is not that hot, it cannot cut styrofoam. Safety measure shoul d always be guided when doing the experiment.Hot-wire can cut easily because it has more heat produces than the other. It will be seen because of the styrofoam, sometimes if the styrofoam does not cut then the wires are not that hot to cut a styrofoam. Observe proper room temperature when doing the experiment is needed. Hot wires used when it needs to cut a certain material. Chapter III Methods of Research and Procedures In the previous chapters the researchers had gathered data for the experimentation that the researchers are about to conduct. The researchers looked for references for the experimentation.And in this chapter the researchers are going to conduct the experiment. It is putting all the researcher’s ideas and collected information into application. Method of the Study In this research the researchers used experimental research for them to obtain the target output. Experimental Research is used to identify the dependent and independent variable and to know itâ€⠄¢s relationship to each other, to see the result of the study if it will succeed or not and to test the hypotheses which is used for basis of investigation.Also in this chapter, it involves the creation or invention of products and also, the creation of new ideas that may help the people who would encounter this kind of studies for the innovation of the country for the future. This study was intended to discover the effectiveness of styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials. Materials and Methods In conducting this experiment, the researchers created a homemade styrofoam cutter made of some recyclable materials and use guitar string as its main material. Since the experiment is made of recyclable materials, materials should come from junks and other old stuffs.The researchers only bought a single-pole dimmer switch from Ace Hardware. And all of the other materials came from some recycled stuffs like the guitars string number 1 from an old broken guitar, a 12 feet 16 gauge used extension cord, some old plywood came from excess ones, old or broken CD cases, an old 25 volt 2 amp transformer, an assembled length of two conductor electrical wires with a regular plug on the end, some excess metal wires shaped as rings, wooden rod and the tools needed to create the product. The materials do not need to be expensive nor classy.The materials have to be in good quality and durable so that the experiment work properly and be successful. With all the materials needed for the experiment the researchers started making the product. The researchers first made the frame of the styrofoam cutter. The researchers drew an arc on the plywood to serve as the frame of the styrofoam cutter. The frame should be stable and durable for long use. The researches put two machine screw nuts in the both end of the frame, these machine screw nuts would serve as the conductor of electricity and heat that comes from the wire.The machine screw nuts should not be small a nd not too tall for it can cause burns and other injury when touch. The next procedure was to attach the wires that carry the 25 Volts current to the cutting wire by the help of two machine screws as its terminal posts. Save the plug and outlets for future projects, if you like. Strip the insulation off the last inch of one end of one wire of the cord and insert a machine screw in the top of the right side of the frame. The next thing to do is to attach the guitar string as the hot wire. Make a loop by feeding the other end through this metal rings.Hook the loop over one terminal. The guitar string should not touch the frame and also the wires for it can burn but remember to keep it close to the nuts. And finally the researchers connected the dimmer switch and the transformer by the use of electric tapes. This will create an outlet and a wire that is connected to the guitar string. Finally the researchers enclosed the transformer in a box made of recycled materials to make the produ ct more creative, presentable and be eco-friendly. Statistical Treatment of Data The all the gathered data were subjected to the following formulas: Frequency DistributionFrequency Distribution is an arrangement of the values that one or more variables take in a  sample. It is used for identifying a specific proportion of the population. It is the number of times of occurrence of a variable. This statistical method is used by the researcher for calculating gather data. It can also show the rate percent of each value included in the set of questions. The scale is used in calculating gathered materials from the questionnaires. This is the formula being use: Wherein: P = percentage f = frequency n = number of samples Weighted MeanWeighted mean is also called as weighted average. It means finding the middle or the average where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. It was tallied for verbal interpret ation of data. Verbal Interpretation| Weighted Mean| Strongly Agree | 3. 31 – 4. 00| Agree | 2. 30 – 3. 30| Disagree | 1. 90 – 2. 29| Strongly Disagree| 1. 00 – 1. 89| Flowchart Chapter IV Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation of Data The pervious chapters are all about knowing the problem to be answered.Looking for facts that may help the researchers answer the problem to be solved. In this chapter, the researchers would be analyzing, presenting and interpreting all the gathered data in this research. The questionnaires made by the researcher would provide answers for the said study. This would serve as the researchers’ medium in data gathering the researchers. This study was composed of 40 respondents selected randomly. Presentation is the practice of showing the gathered information or data and explaining the content of a topic to be discussed. It is the method used to organize and store data or information.Analysis  is the process of brea king or subdividing  complex topic  or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding and better comprehension of it. It is where data are being evaluated and examined under the critical investigation of the study. And lastly, interpretation of data is giving meaning of an act. It is putting donation on the gathered data. It is the process of explaining and elaborating all of the data gathered. Table 1 The Materials that can be Used in Making a Styrofoam Cutter Items| Frequency| Percentage| Blade/Knife| 3| 1. 92%| Wire| 29| 18. 47%| Fire| 0| 0%|Guitar string| 25| 15. 93%| Transformer| 16| 10. 19%| Dimmer| 11| 7%| Switch| 20| 12. 74%| Metal rods| 15| 9. 55%| Needle| 2| 1. 27%| Plug| 20| 12. 74%| Cable wire| 13| 8. 28%| Laser| 3| 1. 91%| Total:| 157| 100%| It can be deduced from Table 1 the materials that can be used in making a styrofoam cutter. One point ninety-two percent (1. 92%) said that blade or knife is needed in making a styrofoam cutter. While eighteen point forty-seven percent (18. 47%) said that wires are needed in making a styrofoam cutter. Nut zero percent (0%) said that fire is needed in making a styrofoam cutter.Fifteen point ninety-three percent (15. 93%) said that guitar strings are needed in making a Styrofoam cutter. Ten point nineteen percent (10. 19%) said that transformer is needed in making a Styrofoam cutter. Seven percent (7%) said that dimmer is needed in making a styrofoam cutter. Twelve point seventy-four percent (12. 74%) said that switch is needed in making a Styrofoam cutter. Nine point fifty-five (9. 55%) percent said that metal rods are needed in making a Styrofoam cutter. One point twenty-seven percent (1. 27%) said that needle is needed in making a Styrofoam cutter.Graph 1 shows the possible materials to be used in making a Styrofoam cutter. Most or majority of the respondents chose wires, guitar string, switch and plug as the materials needed in making a Styrofoam cutter. Those materials are some of the mater ials used by the researchers in making the Styrofoam cutter. Table 2 Functionality of a Styrofoam Cutter Made of Guitar String and Recycled Materials Items| Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 37| 92. 5%| No| 3| 7. 5%| Total:| 40| 100| It can be deduced from Table 2 how functional the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials.It can be inferred that 37 out of 40 responds or ninety-two point five percent (92. 5%) believe that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and recycled materials is functional. While 3 out of 40 respondents or seven point five percent (7. 5%) do not believe that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and recycled materials is functional. Graph 2 shows how functional the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials. Majority or most of the respondents agree that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials is functional and working properly.Table 3 The Quality of the Styrofoam Cutter Ma de of Guitar String and Recycled Materials Items| SA| A| D| SD| WM| VI| 1. The product can create quality output. | 15| 22| 3| 0| 3. 3| SA| 2. The product is presentable to the eye. | 6| 28| 10| 11| 3. 45| SA| 3. The product will last long. | 7| 16| 15| 1| 2. 67| A| 4. The product proves that expense and quality could co-exist. | 10| 19| 10| 1| 2. 95| A| 5. The product needs careful handling. | 29| 11| 0| 0| 3. 72| SA| It can be deduced from Table 3 the quality of the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials.It can be inferred from the table that the respondents strongly agree that the product can create quality outputs with the weighted mean of 3. 3. Moreover, they also strongly agree that the product is presentable to the eye and the product needs careful handling with a computed weighted mean of 3. 45, and 3. 72 respectively. Furthermore they agree that the product will last long and proves that expense and quality could co-exist with a computed weighte d mean of 2. 67 and 2. 95 respectively. Graph 3 shows the quality of the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials.Majority of the respondents agreed that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials is in good quality. Table 4 The Effectiveness of the Styrofoam Cutter made of Guitar String and Recycled Materials. Items| SA| A| D| SD| WM| VI| 1. The product can function effectively. | 13| 22| 4| 1| 3. 17| SA| 2. The product can cut with less waste. | 10| 18| 12| 0| 2. 95| A| 3. The product can do better than man power. | 9| 20| 8| 2| 2. 85| A| 4. The product can cut better than blades. | 9| 26| 4| 1| 3. 07| SA| 5. The product does not create the shapes that are complex. | 9| 21| 8| 2| 2. 2| A| It can be deduced from Table 4 the effectiveness of the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials. It can be inferred from the table that the respondents strongly agree that the product can function effectively with the weighted mean of 3. 17. Moreover, they also strongly agree that the product can cut well than blades with a computed weighted mean of 3. 07. Furthermore they agree that the product can cut with less waste, can do better than man power and can create the shapes that are complex with a computed weighted mean of 2. 95, 2. 85 and 2. 92 respectively.Graph 4 shows the effectiveness of the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials. Majority of the respondents agreed that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials is effective in cutting Styrofoam. Table 5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Styrofoam Cutter Made of Guitar String and Other Recycled Materials Items| SA| A| D| SD| WM| VI| 1. The product can be used significantly. | 9| 26| 4| 1| 3. 07| SA| 2. It is expensive. | 7| 14| 13| 6| 2. 55| A| 3. The product can easily cut Styrofoam. | 11| 23| 4| 2| 3. 07| SA| 4. It makes work faster. | 9| 21| 10| 0| 2. 7| A| 5. It is ec o-friendly for it is recycled. | 10| 25| 2| 3| 3. 05| SA| 6. It can easily be used without the help of manuals. | 10| 22| 7| 1| 3. 02| SA| 7. It gives hard time cutting small pieces of Styrofoam. | 8| 18| 10| 4| 2. 75| A| 8. It takes a lot of time heating the wire. | 10| 22| 8| 0| 3. 05| SA| 9. The product is capable of accurate cutting of Styrofoam. | 9| 27| 3| 1| 3. 1| SA| 10. It helps in creating less waste in cutting Styrofoam. | 15| 21| 2| 2| 3. 22| SA| It can be deduced from Table 5 the advantages and disadvantages of using Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials.It can be inferred from the table above that the respondents strongly agree that the product can be used significantly with the computed weighted mean of 3. 07. Moreover, they also strongly agree that the product can easily cut Styrofoam, eco-friendly for it is a recycled one, can easily be used without the help of manuals, takes a lot of time heating the wire, capable of accurate cutting o f Styrofoam and helps in creating less waste in cutting Styrofoam with the computed weighted mean of 3. 07, 3. 05, 3. 02, 3. 05, 3. 1 and 3. 22 respectively.Furthermore, they agree that the product is expensive, makes work faster and gives hard time cutting small pieces of Styrofoam with the computed weighted mean of 2. 55, 2. 97 and 2. 75 respectively. Graph 5 shows the advantages and disadvantages of using Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials. The respondents showed that the product has disadvantages and advantages when it comes to its function and effectiveness. It is also showed that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials has more advantages than disadvantages. Table 6The Possible Changes in the Society with the Use of Styrofoam Cutter Made of Guitar String and Other Recycled Materials Items| SA| A| D| SD| WM| VI| 1. It would be a big change in our craftsmen. | 8| 24| 7| 1| 2. 97| A| 2. It can lift our exports of St yrofoam crafts. | 5| 27| 7| 1| 2. 9| A| 3. It can replace men in their works. | 8| 15| 15| 2| 2. 72| A| 4. It could cause economic growth. | 12| 20| 8| 0| 3. 1| SA| 5. It can be made at home. | 15| 22| 2| 1| 3. 27| SA| It can be deduced from Table 6 the possible changes in the society with the use of Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials.It can be inferred from the table that the respondents agree that the product would be a big change in our craftsmen with the computed weighted mean of 2. 97. Moreover, they also agree that the product can lift our export of Styrofoam crafts and the product can replace men in their works with a computed weighted mean of 2. 9 and 2. 72 respectively. Furthermore, they strongly agree that the product could cause economic growth and that the product can be made at home with a computer weighted mean of 3. 1 and 3. 27 respectively.Graph 6 shows the possible changes in the society with the use of the Styrofoam cutter made of g uitar string and other recycled materials. Majority of the respondents strongly agree that the product can possibly change the society. Chapter V Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation In this chapter, Chapter 5 the result of all the gathered data would be discussed. This chapter contains the summary, the conclusion and the recommendation for the future researchers and for the readers. This chapter is based from the gathered information from the analysis and interpretation of data and also from the previous chapters. Summary of the FindingThis study focused on the Effectiveness of Styrofoam Cutter Made of Guitar String and Other Recycled Materials. The investigative method was implemented in order to determine relevant and up to date study. In this study forty respondents which came from random High School students of Cavite School of Life – Bacoor Campus, were chosen to partake in this study through expedience sampling technique. After demonstrating the product, questionnaires were handed over to the respondents for data gathering for the study. Based on the gathered data from the selected respondents the following are found relevant in the study:What are the materials that can be used in making a Styrofoam cutter? According to the data gathered from the respondents and presented in table 1 and graph 1 that wire with 18. 47%, guitar string 15. 93%, switch with 12. 74% and plug with 12. 74% are some of the common materials used and needed in making an effective Styrofoam cutter. And according to the respondents that fire, blade/knife, needle and laser are some materials not needed in making a Styrofoam cutter.  Does the product function properly? According to the data gathered from the respondents and presented in table 2 and graph 2 that 92. % of the respondents said that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials is functioning well and it does not malfunction. While 7. 5% of the respondents said that the product does not f unction well or did not pass their standard when it comes to being functional.How will the finished product made of guitar string and other recyclable materials be effective in terms: a. Quality; and According to the gathered information presented in table 3 and graph 3 that the product can create outputs that are creative and in good quality.The product was also presentable to the eye and it does not look like trash. The product seems to be durable and can last long. The negative thing about the product was it needs to be handled with care and it also proves that expense and quality can co-exist. b. effectiveness? According to the gathered information presented in table 4 and graph 4 the product can function efficiently and can cut well than blades. The product can also cut with less waste and it could also do better than output made by man. The negative thing about the product is it cannot create the shapes that are complex.4.What would be the advantages and disadvantages of the p roduct over the other cutting materials? According to the gathered information presented in table 5 and graph 5 the advantages of a Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials are: the product can be used significantly, can easily cut styrofoam, makes work faster, is eco-friendly for it is made of recycled materials, can easily be used without the help of manuals, is capable of accurate cutting of Styrofoam and lastly it helps in creating less waste in cutting Styrofoam compared to using blades. And also according to the gathered data the disadvantages of the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials are: that the product gives hard time cutting small pieces of Styrofoam and takes a lot of time heating the wire.5. How could this product make a change in the society? According to the gathered information presented in table 6 and graph 6 that the product can make different changes in the society. The product could cause economic growth for our country and it can be made at home.The product can also be a big change in our craftsmen, can also lift our exports of Styrofoam crafts and can replace men in their works. Conclusions After summarizing the result of the study the researchers came up with the following conclusions based on the authenticity and cooperativeness of high school students of Cavite School of Life – Bacoor Campus, as the respondents in answering the questions.1. There are many materials that can be used in this experiment. But in this study the researchers found out the top five materials that can be used in this experiment. Top choice was wire which was used as the connection between the source of electricity and the output. The second top choice was guitar string which was used by the researchers as their hotwire. The third top choice was plug and switch. The fourth choice was transformer which was used as the source of electricity. And lastly, the fifth choice was metal rods that can also serve as hotwires.2. Malfunctioning is one of the product number one problem. Good thing the product in this experiment did not malfunction and function efficiently.In this study the researchers found out that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials was functioning well and can do its work properly.3. 1. In every product quality is always checked. In this study the researchers found out that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials can provide outputs that are of good quality. The product is also presentable to the eyes. This product proves that expense and quality could co-exist which means that there are cheap product that can give good quality than expensive one.They could be reliable and durable with almost the lower range of price.4. 2. Effectiveness of a product should always be observed. The researchers found out that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials is better than blades wh en it comes to cutting or craving Styrofoam. The good thing in this product is it creates less waste when cutting Styrofoam and it can also do better than cutting or carving manually. But the product also has its limitations for it is not that good in cutting or craving complex shapes.4. Every product has its weakness and strength. The researchers found out that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials has different advantages and disadvantages. It is also said to be time consuming when heating the guitar string. The said disadvantages do not hinder the product to perform well. The research also found out the advantages of using a Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials that it is capable of accurate cutting of Styrofoam than other cutting instrument. It is also eco-friendly and easy to use for it is just a simple machine.The product can also make work faster and easier.5. The researchers found out that the Styrofoam cutter made of guitar string and other recycled materials can make a big change in our society and for our society. It can develop the way our craftsman cut or crave Styrofoam. And it could also improve our product and our economy.Recommendation1. The researchers recommend that Styrofoam should be used properly and not be wasted.2. The researchers recommend that the product should be improved to solve the products disadvantages.3. The researchers recommend that having innovation of Styrofoam cutter will make it more effective to be used and function in the best way it could.4. The researchers recommend that this product should open the eyes of the people to be eco-friendly.5. The researchers recommend that the readers should appreciate recycled things and make usable stuffs from trash or old materials.6. The researchers recommend that the use of Styrofoam cutter made of guitar strings and recycled materials could make a difference and can provide economic growth.[ 1 ]. http://cooking-ez. c om/page. php? id=27[ 2 ]. http://cooking-ez. com/page. php? id=27[3].http://hotwirefoamcutterinfo. com/Hot_Wire_Foam_Cutter_Info/Introduction. html[4]. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hot-wire_foam_cutter[ 5 ]. http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/thermo/thercond. html[ 6 ]. Philippines Star Climate Change Survival Tip 3: Say NO to Styrofoam[ 7 ]. http://www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=694303

Maintaining a Healthy Home Holistically

Martina Westcott Hsoc 259 April 21, 2010 Maintaining a Healthy Home Holistically: Natural Household Products as Safe Alternatives to Conventional Products â€Å"If you want to learn about the health of a population, look at the air they breathe, the water they drink, and the places where they live. † -Hippocrates, Father of Medicine, 5th Century BC Natural household products are an important part of maintaining health holistically. From day to day, what is ingested, inhaled, and introduced into our bodies has effects on levels of function and the state of our health.We spend up to 57 percent of our lives indoors, so it is beneficial to make sure that indoor environments are safe havens to raise healthy children. [1] High levels of exposure to harmful fumes and aromas produced by conventional cleaning products play a role in increasing rates of asthma, especially in young children. Conventional cleaning products contain harsh chemicals that are irritating to both the skin and b ody. Asthma cannot be cured, but by removing triggers in the home, this condition can be treated and patients can rely less on biomedicine to control symptoms.Two main symptom aggravators for asthmatic patients are bioallergens and chemical irritants. [2] Natural cleaning products can be helpful in removing both from the home. By removing allergens and synthetic chemicals from the home environment, good health is maintained. Perspectives taken from current consumers of natural cleaning products reveal an understanding of the environment as a point of access to a wealth of resources that can serve to alleviate symptoms and enhance one’s quality of life. The efficacy of these products is revealed in personal accounts.Moreso today than ever before, it is crucial to regard the body as a precious vessel and treat it as such. In doing so, some are beginning to relate to the environment in a new way, valuing responsibility to the environment as much as responsibility for their own b odies. By engaging in a reciprocal relationship with the environment, humans live in harmony with their surroundings and preserve nature’s healing powers. Melaleuca, Inc, the Shaklee Corporation, and the Rainbow Company are three institutions that pledge to protect the health of consumers and our environment through increasing accessibility to natural cleaning products.What are Natural Household Products? Natural cleaning products contain components from the earth as primary constituents, such as oils, herbs, or naturally- occurring chemical compounds. These products do not harm the environment and do not introduce foreign chemicals into the body. Therefore, natural cleaning products are typically non- irritating to the skin and eyes and far more gentle than harsh chemical cleansers. In the context of this paper, just because something is ‘natural’ doesn’t mean it is less toxic, or non- irritating all the time.Even cleaners that are safe enough to eat, lik e lemon juice, can be irritating to the eyes or skin. Consumers should make decisions based on reading the ingredient list for themselves, identifying any ingredients that may be toxic, and then deciding whether to use that product in the home. There are several labels approved by the FDA that one can use to identify whether or not a product is organic, or in other words, natural. If a product is labeled â€Å"100% organic† all of the ingredients used must be natural.If a product is labeled simply â€Å"organic,† it at least 95 percent of its ingredients are organically produced. Finally, if a product is labeled â€Å"made with organic ingredients,† it must contain at least 70 percent organic contents. The first ingredient on any label is found in the product in greatest quantity, therefore it may be convenient to simply identify this ingredient. Many products are mostly water. Therefore, the first ingredient can provide a clue to the potency of the natural ingr edient within the product of your choice. 3] Not all natural cleaning products are equal. Like all products used in the home, especially around children, it is necessary to research ingredients or subscribe to a company that pledges to provide pure products. For instance, the Melaleuca Company adheres to the established Australian standard that requires marketed Melaleuca oil to have a minimum of thirty- five percent Terpinen and a maximum of ten- percent Cineole, the two main chemical components of the natural oil, which ensures that the product is as pure as possible. [4] The Shaklee Corporation, another ompany that promotes natural products, maintains a Scientific Advisory Board of medical professionals and scientists who regularly check the purity of products and make sure EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) standards are met. [5] These are features of companies that have created transparency for consumers to identify exactly where their products are coming from and can be tru sted to provide pure products for the home. Why Worry About the Environment? Do you know what impacts the quality of your health? [pic] www. ahha. org We are our environment.Health does not end at the skin. Everything we do, from the food we eat to the air we breathe, affects our health. In this diagram produced by the American Holistic Health Association, the environment is shown to impact health in an even stronger capacity than medical care. While one may visit the doctor’s office once or twice annually, we spend countless hours indoors in the course of our lives. Therefore the quality of the environment cannot be separated from one’s state of health. Natural household products holistically maintain health because they do not harm the environment.Unnatural, genetically engineered chemicals used in the environment have been shown to harm the body. In a study conducted at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, evidence was found linking organochlorine exposure and thyroid disease in women. Organochlorine is an insecticide used in planting. The study compared female farmers in Iowa and North Carolina who had been exposed to the compound on a regular basis to those who were not in regular contact with the chemical. Analysis of results showed that â€Å"there was an increased odds of hypothyroidism with use of organochlorine insecticides of 12. %†[6] This study reveals the bodily harm that can be incurred just by touching chemically altered compounds and using them on a daily basis. This is not to mention the potential dangers of ingesting these chemicals in food products. As we keep the environment pure, we also keep our bodies pure. In indigenous cultures, all products used in the home came directly from the earth itself. Indigenous Perspectives of Holism Using natural cleaning products parallels the use of holistic healthcare. Indigenous peoples believed that human beings are one with the earth, and this assertion is found in all form s of Shamanistic practice.Each of us is deeply connected with the Earth’s ecosystems. In a book entitled Ecological Medicine: Healing the Earth, Healing Ourselves the author writes, â€Å"By restoring the earth, we restore ourselves†[7] Biologically, the human body is composed of the same elements that constitute the land like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. When we die, our bodies return to the earth and begin the cycle of life anew. The Bible reads, â€Å"Dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return. †[8] Human life comprises just one small portion of the cycle of life.Cultures that participated in Shamanistic traditions like the Native Americans, for instance, understood this cycle of life. The notion of using the most valuable herbs the earth has to offer in personal care regimens is not one of recent invention. Native Americans have used plants and herbs grown by hand for anywhere between 10,000 and 30,000 years. [9] The spiritual understanding of a life cy cle that the earth is intimately connected to human beings is the underlying basis for providing optimal care and respect for the land, which will ultimately offer up a harvest to care for the individual in turn.Such an understanding â€Å"is awareness that life in any environment is viable only when humans view the life that surrounds them as kin. †[10] This phenomenon, which professor of Anthropology Enrique Salmon calls â€Å"ecological kinship† is a unique feature of Native American culture and other Shamanistic belief systems that has produced a deep appreciation for the land, one that the Melaleuca Company echoes in promotion of natural products that do not harm the earth upon disposal as some harsh chemicals may.Native Americans have traditionally â€Å"viewed human beings not as some higher intellectual being above lower animal and inanimate beings but as a kindred partner in the universe, reliant on the other beings in creation for life itself. †[11] Th is fundamental interdependence is necessary to an understanding of holistic healthcare as more than care for the body, but also care for the environment, which can be considered the temple that houses our bodies. Other Native American groups have similar understandings of the cyclic nature of life and death as it relates to the environment.In Cherokee culture, the medicine wheel, which symbolizes the â€Å"wheel of life†[12] represents a series of stages through which living beings pass associated with seasons and the alignment of the cosmos. The wheel does not have to be tangible; it can be spiritually understood as present during ceremonial rituals. The term â€Å"medicine† wheel may be understood in American culture if biomedicine is the immediate connection one identifies because the concept is quite spiritual in Native culture. The medicine wheel is a healing cycle that includes the environment as a source of healing and strength. As Dr.Tieraona Low Dog puts it el oquently, â€Å"plants aren’t pills, they’re seeds. †[13] In indigenous cultures, plants have intrinsic healing properties simply from being alive. These healing powers are all- natural and unaltered by man, preserved only in the purity of nature. This is true in all indigenous belief systems. For Native Americans and other indigenous groups, health is a balance between human outputs and inputs and those of the physical body of land. It is an alignment that is achieved through respect for the earth, an absence of exploitation in terms of resource extraction, and an embracing of nature.In a physical sense, balance is achieved by respecting the land. In a spiritual sense, balance is achieved by using the wheel symbolically in ceremonial practices and rituals to align oneself with climate patterns, deities, etc. For instance, in certain Cherokee ceremonies, tribes march around a central fire in a counter- clockwise direction because this is believed to be pleasing to the divine. According to Jutlia Atli, a member of the Cherokee tribe, â€Å"We are created by, balanced between, and destroyed by the primary forces represented on the Wheel. [14] The wheel includes seven sacred directions which correspond to environmental elements and seasons as well as colors and times of day. The seven directions are also representative of various characters, such as humility, change, death, and impermanence. These examples demonstrate the creation and existence of the human being as only a small part of an extensive universal system of life that is all inclusive, a substratum of physical and spiritual interconnection that strings together all beings as one. This holistic view of life is one that we can reclaim today.Like a flickering flame, human life is only a brief glimpse of the extensive life present on the earth at any given point in time, a humbling acceptance that can truly change one’s perspective. Natural Medicine Indigenous peoples used what was available to them in their immediate environments, typically herbs, roots, or seeds that grew from the soil, in healing. These natural elements were the body’s first medicines. Modern pharmaceuticals introduce chemicals that have often been genetically engineered in the laboratory into our bodies.When the body does not recognize a drug, the immune system is designed to combat that foreign substance. Prescriptions cannot simply target one symptom because the body is a set of extensive systems that work in harmony to maintain homeostasis. Any pill ingested must travel through the entire system and could potentially harm organs or tissues that were not the intended target of the treatment. Therefore, it is better to use natural treatments that are not so unfamiliar to the body to maintain good health.Holistic practitioners like those who practice homeopathy utilize naturally occurring remedies to restore health such as herbs. A homeopathic physician, Dr. Linda Baker utilize s natural herbs every day in her practice and also maintains an allergen- free, chemical- free environment in her office for patients. [15] Her concern for creating a natural setting for her homeopathic practice speaks to recreating the natural environment indoors to maintain health holistically. She subscribes to the Shaklee Corporation, a company that produces natural products for the home and office.Natural Household Products Today: Drawing on the Past to Protect Our Future Three major companies involved in producing natural cleaning products for sale presently are the Shaklee Corporation, the Rainbow Company, and Melaleuca Inc. A brief overview of the services offered by these companies will provide insight into the transforming views of how to maintain a healthy home environment. All companies promoting natural cleaning products share the same basic goal, and that is promoting health holistically by offering alternatives to harsh chemicals that can harm the body and the environ ment.These companies look to indigenous cultures for philosophy and ingredients. The Shaklee Corporation has been operating since 1960. It is one of the pioneer companies to promote natural cleaning products and biodegradable containers for household products. Their mission statement nicely sums some of the ideas presented in this paper. This is the Shaklee pledge: â€Å"We make products from the purest natural ingredients. And we take stringent measures to keep out pesticides, contaminants, and other unnatural things that simply don't belong there.But just as important as what we take from nature is what we don't take. †[16] Shaklee set the standard for many similar companies that would follow. Melaleuca, Inc. was founded by Frank VanderSloot in 1995. The overarching goals of the company are to provide consumers with natural alternatives to chemically based cleaning products, healing supplements, medications, and even beauty products. By working in concert with the environme nt, the Melaleuca Company has brought to the forefront natural remedies that have been used for centuries in other cultures.For instance, the pioneer product and namesake of this innovative company was melaleuca oil, also known as tea tree oil. This oil is a natural compound taken from an Australian plant which is considered â€Å"a useful dermatological with antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. †[17] Tea tree oil is used in a wide range of products sold by the company, including toothpaste, mouthwash, soap, as well as its most basic form as pure oil. Tea tree oil was used among Australian aborigines who realized the healing power of the extract upon experimentation.Within that culture, â€Å"freshly crushed leaves were applied directly to an injury, and then held in place with a mud pack†[18] and healing was accelerated. They named the herb bungawalbyn, which means â€Å"healing ground† in the native language. [19] Today, tea tree oil is used to treat conditions like acne, eczema, psoriasis, dandruff, and athlete’s foot. It is found within a whole host of natural cleaning products, from teas to acne medications. This company is one of many that have successfully brought this ancient herb back to the forefront of health consciousness and natural remedies for common ailments.The Melaleuca Company functions through word- of- mouth dissemination of consumer based advice and success with products. One of the company’s slogans, â€Å"We’re telling about Melaleuca, not selling it†[20] speaks to this feature of promoting the products. Customers are exposed to Melaleuca through informational sessions held within the homes of current users who are given instructional materials to conduct the sessions themselves with other friends. As a wellness company, the Melaleuca brand promotes a holistic focus on the entire individual’s overall wellbeing and daily satisfaction with bodily function.Testimonies shared during informational sessions are typically centered on personal experience with the product, from health improvements seen after using natural cleaning products as in the case of Ms. Hensen, to the practical efficacy of maintaining a healthy lifestyle without harming the environment. While Melaleuca promotes a whole host of natural products, from lotions to cleaners, other companies focus on improving the efficacy and the environmentally- friendly standard of a particular household appliance such as the vacuum.The Rainbow Cleaning System line produces vacuum cleaners that use a water filtration system to collect dirt and allergens picked up instead of traditional bags that can harbor a host of dust mites and other bacteria lifted from carpets during vacuuming. The idea of cleaning one’s home is the goal to remove dirt, but some conventional vacuum cleaners only spread dirt and dust mites as one empties filters and bags. Rainbow technology uses a water basin to trap al lergens in a fluid that can be easily disposed in the proper receptacle, either bagged and thrown in the trash or flushed down the toilet.The innovative system also allows customers to add natural components to the water basin prior to vacuuming, such as lemon or orange peels, to fragrance the home naturally as you vacuum. This pragmatic system can be helpful for those who are sensitive to dust and other irritants, especially asthmatic children and adults. Conventional Household Products Pollute the Body Asthma is a condition that affects a large portion of the U. S. population and it is especially prevalent among young children. An average of one out of every 13 school-aged children or nine million US children under age 18 have been diagnosed with asthma. It’s the most common chronic childhood disease in the developed world and has become even more commonplace in the last three decades. †[21] Furthermore, in the US, the prevalence of asthma increased 75% from 1980-1994 . [22] An increasingly toxic home environment may play a key role in the development of asthma and the severity of symptoms.A 2004 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine revealed the harmful effects of environmental irritants in amplifying asthma- related symptoms. The study, which followed 937 children living in high- risk homes in seven major cities, found that a reduction of irritants within the home served to decrease asthma- related morbidity rates. [23] Children who were exposed to fewer allergens within the home through stringent cleaning practices experienced less symptoms of asthma including wheezing and coughing. They could also play for more extended periods of time because their symptoms were alleviated.This study reveals the fundamental connection between health and environment, one that companies promoting natural cleaning products hope to make prominent in American consumer culture. The Melaleuca Company promotes maintaining a healthy home. In a chapte r of the Melaleuca Wellness Guide entitled â€Å"Is Your Home a Healthy Home? † John K. Beaulieu exposes the harms that can be unwittingly imposed on one’s family through the use of toxic chemicals in household products. Some alarming statistics are presented as evidence of these harms.For instance, â€Å"a product that kills 50% of lab animals through ingestion or inhalation can still receive the federal regulatory designation ‘non-toxic’†[24] Throughout the article, a number of products used in almost every household in the United States are listed as containing cancer-causing agents and chemicals that can irritate respiratory pathways or skin. One chemical that is common in many household products, formaldehyde, which is also used to preserve human and animal bodies for dissection, is described as capable of causing â€Å"spasms, edema of the larynx and bronchi, and chemical pneumonitis†[25] upon inhalation.Formaldehyde is found in common brands of bubble bath, baby shampoo, hair spray, and other personal care products and, like dust and allergens, has also been linked to childhood asthma. In an article published in the Environmental Health Perspectives Journal entitled â€Å"Formaldehyde Exposure and Asthma in Children: A Systematic Review,† literature reviews of recently published studies provided quantitative evidence of a strong association between formaldehyde in the home environment and increasing rates of asthma among children.Specifically, â€Å"when compared with individuals with no formaldehyde exposure, those with the highest levels of exposure reported in the seven studies (i. e. , 80  µg/m3) would have 3. 5-times higher odds of asthma. †[26] One study examined in this report focused on formaldehyde exposure among infants from birth to two years of age, a critical window where exposure to formaldehyde can have long- lasting effects due to the â€Å"small caliber of their airways†[27 ] and found an even stronger positive association with asthma for these children later in life.Therefore, it is imperative that families keep their homes pure in terms of products used to clean furniture and floors, especially in children’s rooms. Some links to chemical and asthma remain unclear. For instance, a study in Sweden identified yet another harmful agent found in many household items, phthalate compounds. Phthalates are compounds that are used in conventional tupper- ware plastic containers as well as moisturizers, nail polish, and vinyl flooring. These compounds are ubiquitous in most American homes as well and leach out of products into the air. â€Å"Global phthalate production is 3. million tons per year†[28] and this figure is rising every year. The Swedish study concluded that â€Å"house dust containing [phthalates]†¦is associated with higher rates of asthma. †[29] The study included Swedish children who were exposed to phthalate- containin g products in the home. However, a reverse causation factor has been considered by the American Chemistry Council, which suggests that it is yet to be determined whether the presence of the phthalate compounds ultimately leads to asthma or if the phthalate-containing products brought into the home to combat asthma only further aggravate symptoms.Both situations may be contributing factors to worsening symptoms. The example used is the practice of replacing carpets with vinyl flooring to reduce allergens, which is often a response to asthma because parents are aware of the dust mites carpeting can harbor within the home. Perhaps the Rainbow Cleaning System would work well for these families! Although this particular connection remains unclear, other chemical compounds like formaldehyde have been linked to asthma with high levels of certainty.The preventive benefits of using natural cleaning systems in the home prevail. Evidence suggests that conventional cleaning products cause illne ss; this is especially important for children. During the interview, Ms. Hensen discussed the health benefits of using natural household products within her own family in depth. With regard to the benefits of using Melaleuca products, she asserted wholeheartedly that her â€Å"family’s health had improved greatly since the introduction of Melaleuca cleaning products and supplements to the household. Her teenage son has suffered with severe asthma since birth and his condition was often aggravated by strongly scented detergents and other harsh chemical products, including household bleach and ammonia- based cleaners. She revealed that he had missed almost two months of school over the course of his freshman year of high school due to asthma complications despite her best efforts to keep the house clear of irritants like dust and pesticides. When a friend suggested Melaleuca, Ms. Hensen was eager to explore the option.Her first product was MelaPower ©, a melaleuca oil- based detergent. Within weeks, she found that her son was not experiencing the same sense of airway irritation as he had with other brands of detergent. She then added Sol-U-Mel ©, a multi-use cleaning solution that she uses throughout the home in cleaning floors, appliances, and large areas such as kitchen and living room floors. These products are part of the EcoSense line of natural cleaning products. Because Sol-U-Mel © solution is sold in concentrated form, it is long- lasting through several uses.She especially enjoys the versatility of uses for one product she has encountered using Melaleuca. Sol- U- Mel © is just one example of such products that can be used almost anywhere in the home. Her son has not had an asthma attack since she switched to Melaleuca products eight years ago. Now a law school student at Temple University, he uses the products in his own home. When asked how he feels since his mom first introduced him to Melaleuca products, he responds that â€Å"Melale uca changed his life. † He attributes his renewed ease of breathing to Melaleuca in large part. Ms.Hensen’s personal testimony does not suggest that Melaleuca products are â€Å"miracle solutions† to a whole host of health problems, but it does reveal the efficacy that consumers seek when deciding on a purchase. Her experience reveals a vital tenet of natural, holistic healthcare methods, which is, â€Å"In the wisdom of nature lies the solutions† to all of the ailments faced by humankind today. [30] We are not at a loss for natural cures because the environment has just as many rich resources for promoting health as it always has. It is simply our responsibility to take advantage of those resources.Using natural cleaning products is the first step for many families, especially among those who are aware of the potential dangers of conventional products. One example is antiperspirant, a widely used product in almost every American home. Many antiperspirants contain aluminum, a chemical element that has been linked to breast cancer in several studies. While there is no general consensus on the long- term effects of antiperspirant use, several studies have shown a positive association between regular application and tumors in the breast.One such study was conducted in 2002, entitled â€Å"Aluminum, Antiperspirants, and Breast Cancer. † The study reveals the toxicity of the element and its possible interactions with breast tissue over long- term exposure: â€Å"Aluminium is known to have a genotoxic profile, capable of causing both DNA alterations and epigenetic effects, and this would be consistent with a potential role in breast cancer if such effects occurred in breast cells†[31] While the connection between aluminum and breast cancer remains highly debated and continues to draw researchers, there are several chemicals that have been notably proven harmful to the body.The long- term effects of using chemical elements lik e aluminum, phthalates, and formaldehyde have been well- documented. However, a recent study by Ramon et al. identifies the short- term effects of constant exposure to conventional cleaning products in the hospitality industry among female housekeepers. [32] In the study, a control group of 43 domestic workers who had been diagnosed with either asthma or obstructive lung disease were instructed to keep diaries of symptoms associated with their conditions, from difficulty breathing to asthma attacks at different points during the day.The workers recorded the severity of seven symptoms that had been selected by the panel of researchers at different points during the day. The study concluded that exposure to traditional cleaning products, among them bleach- containing products, aggravates lower respiratory tract symptoms among domestic workers. Although this study was conducted in Spain where the pool of participants was localized, these results indicate that conventional cleaning prod ucts are not only damaging to the health of children but also to adults. Harsh irritants found in traditional cleaning products like bleach are dangerous to both the body and the environment.Conventional Household Products Pollute the Environment Humans are only as healthy as their habitats. Therefore, by polluting the environment, we poison ourselves. Conventional cleaning products pollute the environment and our bodies. By poisoning the environment, we poison ourselves. Environmental security, which can be understood as the capacity of humans to live harmoniously with nature or to maintain a sustainable environment is inextricably linked with human security. This is why it is crucial to make careful decisions about the purity of household products.In an interview with Jim Quigley, founder of Healthy Spaces, a company that aims to help local Philadelphia and Bucks County families create healthier homes and workplaces, the interconnection between environmental health and bodily func tion was made clear. He described an incident in which a man with severe allergies called in to have an evaluation of his work space hoping to identify a major environmental trigger that could be removed to ease his symptoms. He had been taking Claritin every day, three times per day on his worst days, and was very distracted by his allergy symptoms.Jim went into evaluate the office and made shocking observations as he engaged in conversation with the man and completed the formal checklist he uses in every evaluation. The first visual observation was an easy one. He immediately identified wall-to-wall carpeting in the office that had not been vacuumed in a number of months, a rich source of dust mites and bacteria. The second was the wall paper, which he determined contained volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon taking a sample and evaluating it in the laboratory. Both formaldehyde, the dangers of which have been discussed, and xylene were found in the wallpaper.The man was functio ning from day to day in a very hazardous environment, and Jim advised him to remove the carpet, remove the wallpaper, and use paint with a natural base to see if his health improved. In a matter of days, the man’s symptoms were alleviated to the point of no longer needing even one dose of Claritin in the course of a day. By returning the office environment to a more natural state, he was able to return his body to a more natural state of functioning as well by coming off of his pharmaceutical medication.Several companies are making a healthy environment a priority in their marketing strategies. [33] Melaleuca Inc. is an example of one company that is making strides to protect the environment. The biodegradable nature of most Melaleuca products and containers ensures that the environment will not be harmed through proper disposal. This is one of the extra steps the brand makes to protect the natural habitat in which we all must live, which adds sustainable value to the product s.Because the products in Melaleuca’s cleaning line Eco Sense are concentrated, they can be diluted with water instead of packed with chemical fillers to enhance performance. Also, the concentrated nature of the products allows packaging in smaller containers, which allows for less waste. This is a feature that customers like Ms. Hensen truly appreciate. She asserts that she is personally committed to preserving the environment and this was one of the main features that first drew her to the company. In her own words, she is â€Å"really concerned with protecting the environment in any way [she] can. [34] The commitment to preserving the environment is a part of the Melaleuca promise because the founders understand that the earth provides benefits that require a sense of respect for the environment, a mutually beneficial partnership between consumers and this universal habitat. All companies providing natural household products make a similar pledge to protecting the environ ment. Natural Household Products: The Best Choice for Your Home and Health Natural cleaning products provide safe alternatives to harmful chemicals found in many traditional products, from bleach to furniture polish.Considering that we spend up to 57 percent of our lives indoors, it is beneficial to make sure that indoor environments are safe havens to raise healthy children. At present, many environmental factors are responsible for the increase in the number of allergic and autoimmune diseases, and evidence provided supports the hypothesis that this increase may be caused by the widespread chemical contamination of the environment. Several chemicals, like formaldehyde and phthalates in the home have been linked to rising rates of asthma among young people, but consumers are not left hopeless. The goal is not to live in fear of the world around us.Rather, it is to embrace the fruits of the earth and bring nature into the home environment. Bacteria and dust mites were some of the fi rst organisms to appear on the planet, and these tiny organisms will not be disappearing anytime soon. All companies promoting natural cleaning products share the same basic goal, and that is promoting health holistically by offering alternatives to harsh chemicals that can harm the body and the environment. Perhaps the reemergence of indigenous practices is evidence that we are beginning to remember that we are just one part of an unending cycle of life- we are nature.Therefore, the environments we occupy are inseparable from our own holistic wellbeing. Just as some are choosing natural products for healing rather than pharmaceuticals to stimulate the body’s own innate ability to heal, people are looking for more natural products to surround themselves in the home. If the body is a temple of the soul, then the home is the temple of the body, and the environment encapsulates it all. There are no divisions among these components. The earth’s natural elements have worked synergistically with our own bodily systems for thousands of years. Isn’t that the best seal of approval?

Darwin had during the Voyage of the Beagle that led to each of the Essay

Darwin had during the Voyage of the Beagle that led to each of the component parts of his Theory of Evolution (Descent with Modi - Essay Example Darwin’s inspiration came from a five-year voyage of a ship known as the Beagle, during which he was the ship’s geologist. The voyage gave him many changes to observe the distribution of both wildlife and fossils, and he eventually collected these ideas into an extensive theory of natural selection, which he published in his book, The Origin of Species . Prior to Darwin’s theory, the predominant belief was that animals and plants were as God had created them, there were no differences. If change had been observed across time then this was explained that, for example, a generic bird had given birth to a woodpecker, with no apparent reason other than the will of God. Darwin considered that this did not match what he saw during the voyage, and what he considered and theorized over the time following. Darwin’s theory of evolution consisted of four parts, each of which was supported by observations that Darwin had made during the voyage of the Beagle. Variation within Species One of the key observations that Darwin made during the voyage of the Beagle, was the wide ranging variation within members of the same species. There were almost limitless types of variation, such as beak type and size in birds, amount of hair, eye color, and number of offspring produced, ability to conceal and success at mating. Species that had wide ranges, occupied a number of variable habitat types and were common had the most variation. Likewise, species that were in larger genera had more variation than those in smaller genera. Inheritance of Traits Darwin observed that many of the traits that varied among individuals of the same species were passed from a parent to its offspring. For example, a bird with a distinct beak shape passes this on to some or all of their offspring. Not all variation was heritable; some variation was not passed on from parent to offspring, but was a result of environmental changes, such as hair color as a consequence of exposure to s unlight. This was important for Darwin’s theory of evolution, as for traits to change over time; there was a need for the ability for them to be passed from one generation to the next. High Population Growth When individuals produced offspring, they generally produced many more than would survive. Darwin observed this in a wide range of species, including both animals, bird and plant species. The effect was particularly strong in plants which often produce hundreds of offspring, but only a handful survive to maturity due to competition, predation and other externals factors. This led Darwin to predict that the presence of different traits in the individuals in the population would increase the survival of some, and decrease it in others. Struggle for Existence and Differential Survival Darwin observed that there was a constant struggle for individuals and species to survive. Species occupied areas that were not ideal to them in order to avoid competition or predation, and ind ividuals were constantly exposed to a fight to survive. This struggle was not limited to different species, but was equally strong between members of the same species. What species were struggling against, varied widely among species, for example a plant in the desert struggles to acquire enough water to survive, while plants in the tropics struggle for their offspring to acquire enough sunlight and resources due to intense inter- and intra-specific competition. It was this

Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Research Paper - 1

Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Administation - Research Paper Example It is also going to analyze why a person ‘A’ should not suffer at the expense of reward of person ‘B’. Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Administration Introduction: The role of criminal justice system According to May, (2008), criminal justice is rights respecting treatment that is deserved by virtue of criminal conduct. It is concerned with the responsibility of controlling crime and ensuring the due process is followed. For example, in US justice system, prisons are expected to provide basic human needs in a favorable environment. There is a very great relationship between law enforcement, the judicial system, and the corrections. The law enforcement agents are mandated to ensure there is law and order in the society (May, 2008). The judicial system issues judgments to people found guilty. They send the criminals to correction centers where the criminals obtain various correction programs as they serve their jail term. In thi s case, prisons renounce idleness and offers constructive employment, and recreation activities to the prisoners. Harr, (2008) noted that the criminal justice system addresses the human needs of prisoners with an aim of expressing faith in them. This goes in line with the purpose of prisons other than punishing them, to correct the prisoner. This idea helps the prisoners maintain their humanity and cooperate with the programs designed to rehabilitate them. The aim of inclusion of criminal justice system is to abstract values and not to punish the prisoners. Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Administration On the other hand, reward systems encompass rewarding specific persons involved in the criminal justice system (Schmalleger, 2007). For example, judges are re-elected due to their hard sentencing of criminals by sending them to prison. The same case applies to prosecutors who move large number of cases to court alongside quick settlement of the cases. However, such a move can only serve the interest of the rewarded persons while neglecting the interest of others (Schmalleger, 2007). In light to this assertion, it can be argued that hard sentencing of criminals for example drug addicts would not add any value to the criminals. After completion of their jail term, drug addicts can still go back to their usual habit of addiction. In this regard, instead of judges sending such criminals to prison, it would be much better if the drug addicts are referred to drug rehabilitation centers Harr, 2008). This way, they would get necessary treatment and counseling that would see them abandon drugs and start a new life. Although not all criminals can be subjected to alternative correction centers, most of them can actually be subjected to such institutions. Some of the most effective correction institutions that could help criminals deter from committing crimes includes boot camps, which are particularly practiced in military setups, house arr ests, restitution and electronic monitoring (Hodge, 2009). If these programs are more utilised, the criminal justice systems would be seen to be meeting their goals and objectives. In some instances, additional funding for expanding jail facilities is another form of reward for those jails that are seen to be efficient in being harsh on criminals. This reward tends to pay no attention to programs like rehabilitation centers which have facilities like education and various job training which would go a long way in correcting criminals (Solhkhah & Wilens,

Vote against war between America and Germany Essay

Vote against war between America and Germany - Essay Example Once the people have been led into war, there would not be anything as tolerance. Fighting requires ruthlessness and brutality. The very attitude penetrates into the fiber of national life. If this happens, everything ranging from the courts to the Congress, the common people, and the police would be infected. The only virtue would be conformity and those refusing to conform would be required to face penalties. If America enters into war with Germany, it would make the circumstances very unfavorable for the Constitution to survive in. The free speech would be gone and so would the right of assembly. It is, indeed, impossible for a nation to invest all its strength into war and yet keep its head high; there is hardly any example of the same in the history. We must go for any alternative that can be realized. So far, America has maintained a neutral attitude since the eruption of the war in 1914. America has been a proponent of the neutral states’ rights. The apprehensions of the Congress encourage the isolationist foreign policy about providing other countries across the globe with a political door into the policies of the US as well as the American population’s cultural melting pot. Keeping these facts into consideration, going into war with Germany would not be an informed decision.